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	<title>Volume 3/Book 1/Chapter 6 - Revision history</title>
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		<title>Historymaker: Created page with &quot;Les Mis&amp;eacute;rables, Volume 3: Marius, Book First: Paris Studied in its Atom, Chapter 6: A Bit of History&lt;br /&gt; (Tome 3: Marius, Livre premier: Paris &amp;eacute;tudi&amp;eacute; da...&quot;</title>
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		<updated>2014-03-03T10:05:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Created page with &amp;quot;Les Misérables, Volume 3: Marius, Book First: Paris Studied in its Atom, Chapter 6: A Bit of History&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; (Tome 3: Marius, Livre premier: Paris étudié da...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;Les Mis&amp;amp;eacute;rables, Volume 3: Marius, Book First: Paris Studied in its Atom, Chapter 6: A Bit of History&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(Tome 3: Marius, Livre premier: Paris &amp;amp;eacute;tudi&amp;amp;eacute; dans son atome, Chapitre 6: Un peu d'histoire)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General notes on this chapter==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==French text==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;Agrave; l'&amp;amp;eacute;poque, d'ailleurs presque contemporaine, o&amp;amp;ugrave; se passe l'action de ce&lt;br /&gt;
livre, il n'y avait pas, comme aujourd'hui, un sergent de ville &amp;amp;agrave; chaque&lt;br /&gt;
coin de rue (bienfait qu'il n'est pas temps de discuter); les enfants&lt;br /&gt;
errants abondaient dans Paris. Les statistiques donnent une moyenne de&lt;br /&gt;
deux cent soixante enfants sans asile ramass&amp;amp;eacute;s alors annuellement par&lt;br /&gt;
les rondes de police dans les terrains non clos, dans les maisons en&lt;br /&gt;
construction et sous les arches des ponts. Un de ces nids, rest&amp;amp;eacute; fameux,&lt;br /&gt;
a produit &amp;amp;laquo;les hirondelles du pont d'Arcole&amp;amp;raquo;. C'est l&amp;amp;agrave;, du reste, le&lt;br /&gt;
plus d&amp;amp;eacute;sastreux des sympt&amp;amp;ocirc;mes sociaux. Tous les crimes de l'homme&lt;br /&gt;
commencent au vagabondage de l'enfant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Exceptons Paris pourtant. Dans une mesure relative, et nonobstant le&lt;br /&gt;
souvenir que nous venons de rappeler, l'exception est juste. Tandis que&lt;br /&gt;
dans toute autre grande ville un enfant vagabond est un homme perdu,&lt;br /&gt;
tandis que, presque partout, l'enfant livr&amp;amp;eacute; &amp;amp;agrave; lui-m&amp;amp;ecirc;me est en quelque&lt;br /&gt;
sorte d&amp;amp;eacute;vou&amp;amp;eacute; et abandonn&amp;amp;eacute; &amp;amp;agrave; une sorte d'immersion fatale dans les vices&lt;br /&gt;
publics qui d&amp;amp;eacute;vore en lui l'honn&amp;amp;ecirc;tet&amp;amp;eacute; et la conscience, le gamin de&lt;br /&gt;
Paris, insistons-y, si fruste, et si entam&amp;amp;eacute; &amp;amp;agrave; la surface, est&lt;br /&gt;
int&amp;amp;eacute;rieurement &amp;amp;agrave; peu pr&amp;amp;egrave;s intact. Chose magnifique &amp;amp;agrave; constater et qui&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;eacute;clate dans la splendide probit&amp;amp;eacute; de nos r&amp;amp;eacute;volutions populaires, une&lt;br /&gt;
certaine incorruptibilit&amp;amp;eacute; r&amp;amp;eacute;sulte de l'id&amp;amp;eacute;e qui est dans l'air de Paris&lt;br /&gt;
comme du sel qui est dans l'eau de l'oc&amp;amp;eacute;an. Respirer Paris, cela&lt;br /&gt;
conserve l'&amp;amp;acirc;me.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Ce que nous disons l&amp;amp;agrave; n'&amp;amp;ocirc;te rien au serrement de c&amp;amp;oelig;ur dont on se sent&lt;br /&gt;
pris chaque fois qu'on rencontre un de ces enfants autour desquels il&lt;br /&gt;
semble qu'on voie flotter les fils de la famille bris&amp;amp;eacute;e. Dans la&lt;br /&gt;
civilisation actuelle, si incompl&amp;amp;egrave;te encore, ce n'est point une chose&lt;br /&gt;
tr&amp;amp;egrave;s anormale que ces fractures de familles se vidant dans l'ombre, ne&lt;br /&gt;
sachant plus trop ce que leurs enfants sont devenus, et laissant tomber&lt;br /&gt;
leurs entrailles sur la voie publique. De l&amp;amp;agrave; des destin&amp;amp;eacute;es obscures.&lt;br /&gt;
Cela s'appelle, car cette chose triste a fait locution, &amp;amp;laquo;&amp;amp;ecirc;tre jet&amp;amp;eacute; sur&lt;br /&gt;
le pav&amp;amp;eacute; de Paris&amp;amp;raquo;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Soit dit en passant, ces abandons d'enfants n'&amp;amp;eacute;taient point d&amp;amp;eacute;courag&amp;amp;eacute;s&lt;br /&gt;
par l'ancienne monarchie. Un peu d'&amp;amp;Eacute;gypte et de Boh&amp;amp;ecirc;me dans les basses&lt;br /&gt;
r&amp;amp;eacute;gions accommodait les hautes sph&amp;amp;egrave;res, et faisait l'affaire des&lt;br /&gt;
puissants. La haine de l'enseignement des enfants du peuple &amp;amp;eacute;tait un&lt;br /&gt;
dogme. &amp;amp;Agrave; quoi bon les &amp;amp;laquo;demi-lumi&amp;amp;egrave;res&amp;amp;raquo;? Tel &amp;amp;eacute;tait le mot d'ordre. Or&lt;br /&gt;
l'enfant errant est le corollaire de l'enfant ignorant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
D'ailleurs, la monarchie avait quelquefois besoin d'enfants, et alors&lt;br /&gt;
elle &amp;amp;eacute;cumait la rue. Sous Louis XIV, pour ne pas remonter plus haut, le&lt;br /&gt;
roi voulait, avec raison, cr&amp;amp;eacute;er une flotte. L'id&amp;amp;eacute;e &amp;amp;eacute;tait bonne. Mais&lt;br /&gt;
voyons le moyen. Pas de flotte si, &amp;amp;agrave; c&amp;amp;ocirc;t&amp;amp;eacute; du navire &amp;amp;agrave; voiles, jouet du&lt;br /&gt;
vent, et pour le remorquer au besoin, on n'a pas le navire qui va o&amp;amp;ugrave; il&lt;br /&gt;
veut, soit par la rame, soit par la vapeur; les gal&amp;amp;egrave;res &amp;amp;eacute;taient alors &amp;amp;agrave;&lt;br /&gt;
la marine ce que sont aujourd'hui les steamers. Il fallait donc des&lt;br /&gt;
gal&amp;amp;egrave;res; mais la gal&amp;amp;egrave;re ne se meut que par le gal&amp;amp;eacute;rien; il fallait donc&lt;br /&gt;
des gal&amp;amp;eacute;riens. Colbert faisait faire par les intendants de province et&lt;br /&gt;
par les parlements le plus de for&amp;amp;ccedil;ats qu'il pouvait. La magistrature y&lt;br /&gt;
mettait beaucoup de complaisance. Un homme gardait son chapeau sur sa&lt;br /&gt;
t&amp;amp;ecirc;te devant une procession, attitude huguenote; on l'envoyait aux&lt;br /&gt;
gal&amp;amp;egrave;res. On rencontrait un enfant dans la rue, pourvu qu'il e&amp;amp;ucirc;t quinze&lt;br /&gt;
ans et qu'il ne s&amp;amp;ucirc;t o&amp;amp;ugrave; coucher, on l'envoyait aux gal&amp;amp;egrave;res. Grand r&amp;amp;egrave;gne;&lt;br /&gt;
grand si&amp;amp;egrave;cle.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Sous Louis XV, les enfants disparaissaient dans Paris; la police les&lt;br /&gt;
enlevait, on ne sait pour quel myst&amp;amp;eacute;rieux emploi. On chuchotait avec&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;eacute;pouvante de monstrueuses conjectures sur les bains de pourpre du roi.&lt;br /&gt;
Barbier parle na&amp;amp;iuml;vement de ces choses. Il arrivait parfois que les&lt;br /&gt;
exempts, &amp;amp;agrave; court d'enfants, en prenaient qui avaient des p&amp;amp;egrave;res. Les&lt;br /&gt;
p&amp;amp;egrave;res, d&amp;amp;eacute;sesp&amp;amp;eacute;r&amp;amp;eacute;s, couraient sus aux exempts. En ce cas-l&amp;amp;agrave;, le parlement&lt;br /&gt;
intervenait, et faisait pendre, qui? Les exempts? Non. Les p&amp;amp;egrave;res.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
==English text==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
At the epoch, nearly contemporary by the way, when the action of this book&lt;br /&gt;
takes place, there was not, as there is to-day, a policeman at the corner&lt;br /&gt;
of every street (a benefit which there is no time to discuss here); stray&lt;br /&gt;
children abounded in Paris. The statistics give an average of two hundred&lt;br /&gt;
and sixty homeless children picked up annually at that period, by the&lt;br /&gt;
police patrols, in unenclosed lands, in houses in process of construction,&lt;br /&gt;
and under the arches of the bridges. One of these nests, which has become&lt;br /&gt;
famous, produced &amp;quot;the swallows of the bridge of Arcola.&amp;quot; This is,&lt;br /&gt;
moreover, the most disastrous of social symptoms. All crimes of the man&lt;br /&gt;
begin in the vagabondage of the child.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Let us make an exception in favor of Paris, nevertheless. In a relative&lt;br /&gt;
measure, and in spite of the souvenir which we have just recalled, the&lt;br /&gt;
exception is just. While in any other great city the vagabond child is a&lt;br /&gt;
lost man, while nearly everywhere the child left to itself is, in some&lt;br /&gt;
sort, sacrificed and abandoned to a kind of fatal immersion in the public&lt;br /&gt;
vices which devour in him honesty and conscience, the street boy of Paris,&lt;br /&gt;
we insist on this point, however defaced and injured on the surface, is&lt;br /&gt;
almost intact on the interior. It is a magnificent thing to put on record,&lt;br /&gt;
and one which shines forth in the splendid probity of our popular&lt;br /&gt;
revolutions, that a certain incorruptibility results from the idea which&lt;br /&gt;
exists in the air of Paris, as salt exists in the water of the ocean. To&lt;br /&gt;
breathe Paris preserves the soul.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
What we have just said takes away nothing of the anguish of heart which&lt;br /&gt;
one experiences every time that one meets one of these children around&lt;br /&gt;
whom one fancies that he beholds floating the threads of a broken family.&lt;br /&gt;
In the civilization of the present day, incomplete as it still is, it is&lt;br /&gt;
not a very abnormal thing to behold these fractured families pouring&lt;br /&gt;
themselves out into the darkness, not knowing clearly what has become of&lt;br /&gt;
their children, and allowing their own entrails to fall on the public&lt;br /&gt;
highway. Hence these obscure destinies. This is called, for this sad thing&lt;br /&gt;
has given rise to an expression, &amp;quot;to be cast on the pavements of Paris.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Let it be said by the way, that this abandonment of children was not&lt;br /&gt;
discouraged by the ancient monarchy. A little of Egypt and Bohemia in the&lt;br /&gt;
lower regions suited the upper spheres, and compassed the aims of the&lt;br /&gt;
powerful. The hatred of instruction for the children of the people was a&lt;br /&gt;
dogma. What is the use of &amp;quot;half-lights&amp;quot;? Such was the countersign. Now,&lt;br /&gt;
the erring child is the corollary of the ignorant child.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Besides this, the monarchy sometimes was in need of children, and in that&lt;br /&gt;
case it skimmed the streets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Under Louis XIV., not to go any further back, the king rightly desired to&lt;br /&gt;
create a fleet. The idea was a good one. But let us consider the means.&lt;br /&gt;
There can be no fleet, if, beside the sailing ship, that plaything of the&lt;br /&gt;
winds, and for the purpose of towing it, in case of necessity, there is&lt;br /&gt;
not the vessel which goes where it pleases, either by means of oars or of&lt;br /&gt;
steam; the galleys were then to the marine what steamers are to-day.&lt;br /&gt;
Therefore, galleys were necessary; but the galley is moved only by the&lt;br /&gt;
galley-slave; hence, galley-slaves were required. Colbert had the&lt;br /&gt;
commissioners of provinces and the parliaments make as many convicts as&lt;br /&gt;
possible. The magistracy showed a great deal of complaisance in the&lt;br /&gt;
matter. A man kept his hat on in the presence of a procession&amp;amp;mdash;it was&lt;br /&gt;
a Huguenot attitude; he was sent to the galleys. A child was encountered&lt;br /&gt;
in the streets; provided that he was fifteen years of age and did not know&lt;br /&gt;
where he was to sleep, he was sent to the galleys. Grand reign; grand&lt;br /&gt;
century.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Under Louis XV. children disappeared in Paris; the police carried them&lt;br /&gt;
off, for what mysterious purpose no one knew. People whispèred with terror&lt;br /&gt;
monstrous conjectures as to the king's baths of purple. Barbier speaks&lt;br /&gt;
ingenuously of these things. It sometimes happened that the exempts of the&lt;br /&gt;
guard, when they ran short of children, took those who had fathers. The&lt;br /&gt;
fathers, in despair, attacked the exempts. In that case, the parliament&lt;br /&gt;
intervened and had some one hung. Who? The exempts? No, the fathers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Translation notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Textual notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Citations==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Historymaker</name></author>
		
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