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	<title>Volume 2/Book 6/Chapter 2 - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-04-06T09:15:41Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
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		<id>http://chanvrerie.net/annotations/index.php?title=Volume_2/Book_6/Chapter_2&amp;diff=202&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Historymaker: /* Textual notes */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://chanvrerie.net/annotations/index.php?title=Volume_2/Book_6/Chapter_2&amp;diff=202&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2014-03-02T19:25:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;‎&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Textual notes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;diff diff-contentalign-left&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 19:25, 2 March 2014&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l597&quot; &gt;Line 597:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 597:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Textual notes==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Textual notes==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;=== Obedience of Martin Verga ===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The term obedience in this context actually means ob&amp;amp;eacute;dience (Latin oboedientia) - a term for a regional monastery which is removed from the centre of the religious order it belongs to.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Citations==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Citations==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Historymaker</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://chanvrerie.net/annotations/index.php?title=Volume_2/Book_6/Chapter_2&amp;diff=201&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Historymaker: Created page with &quot;Les Mis&amp;eacute;rables,  Volume 2: Cosette, Book Sixth: Le Petit-Picpus, Chapter 2: The Obedience of Martin Verga&lt;br /&gt; (Tome 2: Cosette, Livre sixi&amp;egrave;me: Le Petit-Picpus,...&quot;</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://chanvrerie.net/annotations/index.php?title=Volume_2/Book_6/Chapter_2&amp;diff=201&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2014-03-02T19:16:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Created page with &amp;quot;Les Misérables,  Volume 2: Cosette, Book Sixth: Le Petit-Picpus, Chapter 2: The Obedience of Martin Verga&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; (Tome 2: Cosette, Livre sixième: Le Petit-Picpus,...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;Les Mis&amp;amp;eacute;rables,  Volume 2: Cosette, Book Sixth: Le Petit-Picpus, Chapter 2: The Obedience of Martin Verga&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(Tome 2: Cosette, Livre sixi&amp;amp;egrave;me: Le Petit-Picpus, Chapitre 2: L'ob&amp;amp;eacute;dience de Martin Verga)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General notes on this chapter==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==French text==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Ce couvent, qui en 1824 existait depuis longues ann&amp;amp;eacute;es d&amp;amp;eacute;j&amp;amp;agrave; petite rue&lt;br /&gt;
Picpus, &amp;amp;eacute;tait une communaut&amp;amp;eacute; de bernardines de l'ob&amp;amp;eacute;dience de Martin&lt;br /&gt;
Verga.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Ces bernardines, par cons&amp;amp;eacute;quent, se rattachaient non &amp;amp;agrave; Clairvaux, comme&lt;br /&gt;
les bernardins, mais &amp;amp;agrave; C&amp;amp;icirc;teaux, comme les b&amp;amp;eacute;n&amp;amp;eacute;dictins. En d'autres&lt;br /&gt;
termes, elles &amp;amp;eacute;taient sujettes, non de saint Bernard, mais de saint&lt;br /&gt;
Beno&amp;amp;icirc;t.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Quiconque a un peu remu&amp;amp;eacute; des in-folio sait que Martin Verga fonda en&lt;br /&gt;
1425 une congr&amp;amp;eacute;gation de bernardines-b&amp;amp;eacute;n&amp;amp;eacute;dictines, ayant pour chef&lt;br /&gt;
d'ordre Salamanque et pour succursale Alcala.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Cette congr&amp;amp;eacute;gation avait pouss&amp;amp;eacute; des rameaux dans tous les pays&lt;br /&gt;
catholiques de l'Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Ces greffes d'un ordre sur l'autre n'ont rien d'inusit&amp;amp;eacute; dans l'&amp;amp;eacute;glise&lt;br /&gt;
latine. Pour ne parler que du seul ordre de saint Beno&amp;amp;icirc;t dont il est ici&lt;br /&gt;
question, &amp;amp;agrave; cet ordre se rattachent, sans compter l'ob&amp;amp;eacute;dience de Martin&lt;br /&gt;
Verga, quatre congr&amp;amp;eacute;gations: deux en Italie, le Mont-Cassin et&lt;br /&gt;
Sainte-Justine de Padoue, deux en France, Cluny et Saint-Maur; et neuf&lt;br /&gt;
ordres, Valombrosa, Grammont, les c&amp;amp;eacute;lestins, les camaldules, les&lt;br /&gt;
chartreux, les humili&amp;amp;eacute;s, les olivateurs, et les silvestrins, enfin&lt;br /&gt;
C&amp;amp;icirc;teaux; car C&amp;amp;icirc;teaux lui-m&amp;amp;ecirc;me, tronc pour d'autres ordres, n'est qu'un&lt;br /&gt;
rejeton pour saint Beno&amp;amp;icirc;t. C&amp;amp;icirc;teaux date de saint Robert, abb&amp;amp;eacute; de Molesme&lt;br /&gt;
dans le dioc&amp;amp;egrave;se de Langres en 1098. Or c'est en 529 que le diable,&lt;br /&gt;
retir&amp;amp;eacute; au d&amp;amp;eacute;sert de Subiaco (il &amp;amp;eacute;tait vieux; s'&amp;amp;eacute;tait-il fait ermite?),&lt;br /&gt;
fut chass&amp;amp;eacute; de l'ancien temple d'Apollon o&amp;amp;ugrave; il demeurait, par saint&lt;br /&gt;
Beno&amp;amp;icirc;t, &amp;amp;acirc;g&amp;amp;eacute; de dix-sept ans.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Apr&amp;amp;egrave;s la r&amp;amp;egrave;gle des carm&amp;amp;eacute;lites, lesquelles vont pieds nus, portent une&lt;br /&gt;
pi&amp;amp;egrave;ce d'osier sur la gorge et ne s'asseyent jamais, la r&amp;amp;egrave;gle la plus&lt;br /&gt;
dure est celle des bernardines-b&amp;amp;eacute;n&amp;amp;eacute;dictines de Martin Verga. Elles sont&lt;br /&gt;
v&amp;amp;ecirc;tues de noir avec une guimpe qui, selon la prescription expresse de&lt;br /&gt;
saint Beno&amp;amp;icirc;t, monte jusqu'au menton. Une robe de serge &amp;amp;agrave; manches larges,&lt;br /&gt;
un grand voile de laine, la guimpe qui monte jusqu'au menton coup&amp;amp;eacute;e&lt;br /&gt;
carr&amp;amp;eacute;ment sur la poitrine, le bandeau qui descend jusqu'aux yeux, voil&amp;amp;agrave;&lt;br /&gt;
leur habit. Tout est noir, except&amp;amp;eacute; le bandeau qui est blanc. Les novices&lt;br /&gt;
portent le m&amp;amp;ecirc;me habit, tout blanc. Les professes ont en outre un rosaire&lt;br /&gt;
au c&amp;amp;ocirc;t&amp;amp;eacute;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Les bernardines-b&amp;amp;eacute;n&amp;amp;eacute;dictines de Martin Verga pratiquent l'Adoration&lt;br /&gt;
Perp&amp;amp;eacute;tuelle, comme les b&amp;amp;eacute;n&amp;amp;eacute;dictines dites dames du Saint-Sacrement,&lt;br /&gt;
lesquelles, au commencement de ce si&amp;amp;egrave;cle, avaient &amp;amp;agrave; Paris deux maisons,&lt;br /&gt;
l'une au Temple, l'autre rue Neuve-Sainte-Genevi&amp;amp;egrave;ve. Du reste les&lt;br /&gt;
bernardines-b&amp;amp;eacute;n&amp;amp;eacute;dictines du Petit-Picpus, dont nous parlons, &amp;amp;eacute;taient un&lt;br /&gt;
ordre absolument autre que les dames du Saint-Sacrement clo&amp;amp;icirc;tr&amp;amp;eacute;es rue&lt;br /&gt;
Neuve-Sainte-Genevi&amp;amp;egrave;ve et au Temple. Il y avait de nombreuses&lt;br /&gt;
diff&amp;amp;eacute;rences dans la r&amp;amp;egrave;gle; il y en avait dans le costume. Les&lt;br /&gt;
bernardines-b&amp;amp;eacute;n&amp;amp;eacute;dictines du Petit-Picpus portaient la guimpe noire, et&lt;br /&gt;
les b&amp;amp;eacute;n&amp;amp;eacute;dictines du Saint-Sacrement et de la rue Neuve-Sainte-Genevi&amp;amp;egrave;ve&lt;br /&gt;
la portaient blanche, et avaient de plus sur la poitrine un&lt;br /&gt;
Saint-Sacrement d'environ trois pouces de haut en vermeil ou en cuivre&lt;br /&gt;
dor&amp;amp;eacute;. Les religieuses du Petit-Picpus ne portaient point ce&lt;br /&gt;
Saint-Sacrement. L'Adoration Perp&amp;amp;eacute;tuelle, commune &amp;amp;agrave; la maison du&lt;br /&gt;
Petit-Picpus et &amp;amp;agrave; la maison du Temple, laisse les deux ordres&lt;br /&gt;
parfaitement distincts. Il y a seulement ressemblance pour cette&lt;br /&gt;
pratique entre les dames du Saint-Sacrement et les bernardines de Martin&lt;br /&gt;
Verga, de m&amp;amp;ecirc;me qu'il y avait similitude, pour l'&amp;amp;eacute;tude et la&lt;br /&gt;
glorification de tous les myst&amp;amp;egrave;res relatifs &amp;amp;agrave; l'enfance, &amp;amp;agrave; la vie et &amp;amp;agrave;&lt;br /&gt;
la mort de J&amp;amp;eacute;sus-Christ, et &amp;amp;agrave; la Vierge, entre deux ordres pourtant fort&lt;br /&gt;
s&amp;amp;eacute;par&amp;amp;eacute;s et dans l'occasion ennemis, l'oratoire d'Italie, &amp;amp;eacute;tabli &amp;amp;agrave;&lt;br /&gt;
Florence par Philippe de N&amp;amp;eacute;ri, et l'oratoire de France, &amp;amp;eacute;tabli &amp;amp;agrave; Paris&lt;br /&gt;
par Pierre de B&amp;amp;eacute;rulle. L'oratoire de Paris pr&amp;amp;eacute;tendait le pas, Philippe&lt;br /&gt;
de N&amp;amp;eacute;ri n'&amp;amp;eacute;tant que saint, et B&amp;amp;eacute;rulle &amp;amp;eacute;tant cardinal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Revenons &amp;amp;agrave; la dure r&amp;amp;egrave;gle espagnole de Martin Verga.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Les bernardines-b&amp;amp;eacute;n&amp;amp;eacute;dictines de cette ob&amp;amp;eacute;dience font maigre toute&lt;br /&gt;
l'ann&amp;amp;eacute;e, je&amp;amp;ucirc;nent le car&amp;amp;ecirc;me et beaucoup d'autres jours qui leur sont&lt;br /&gt;
sp&amp;amp;eacute;ciaux, se rel&amp;amp;egrave;vent dans leur premier sommeil depuis une heure du&lt;br /&gt;
matin jusqu'&amp;amp;agrave; trois pour lire le br&amp;amp;eacute;viaire et chanter matines, couchent&lt;br /&gt;
dans des draps de serge en toute saison et sur la paille, n'usent point&lt;br /&gt;
de bains, n'allument jamais de feu, se donnent la discipline tous les&lt;br /&gt;
vendredis, observent la r&amp;amp;egrave;gle du silence, ne se parlent qu'aux&lt;br /&gt;
r&amp;amp;eacute;cr&amp;amp;eacute;ations, lesquelles sont tr&amp;amp;egrave;s courtes, et portent des chemises de&lt;br /&gt;
bure pendant six mois, du 14 septembre, qui est l'exaltation de la&lt;br /&gt;
sainte-croix, jusqu'&amp;amp;agrave; P&amp;amp;acirc;ques. Ces six mois sont une mod&amp;amp;eacute;ration, la r&amp;amp;egrave;gle&lt;br /&gt;
dit toute l'ann&amp;amp;eacute;e; mais cette chemise de bure, insupportable dans les&lt;br /&gt;
chaleurs de l'&amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;eacute;, produisait des fi&amp;amp;egrave;vres et des spasmes nerveux. Il a&lt;br /&gt;
fallu en restreindre l'usage. M&amp;amp;ecirc;me avec cet adoucissement, le 14&lt;br /&gt;
septembre, quand les religieuses mettent cette chemise, elles ont trois&lt;br /&gt;
ou quatre jours de fi&amp;amp;egrave;vre. Ob&amp;amp;eacute;issance, pauvret&amp;amp;eacute;, chastet&amp;amp;eacute;, stabilit&amp;amp;eacute;&lt;br /&gt;
sous cl&amp;amp;ocirc;ture; voil&amp;amp;agrave; leurs v&amp;amp;oelig;ux, fort aggrav&amp;amp;eacute;s par la r&amp;amp;egrave;gle.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
La prieure est &amp;amp;eacute;lue pour trois ans par les m&amp;amp;egrave;res, qu'on appelle ''m&amp;amp;egrave;res&lt;br /&gt;
vocales'' parce qu'elles ont voix au chapitre. Une prieure ne peut &amp;amp;ecirc;tre&lt;br /&gt;
r&amp;amp;eacute;&amp;amp;eacute;lue que deux fois, ce qui fixe &amp;amp;agrave; neuf ans le plus long r&amp;amp;egrave;gne possible&lt;br /&gt;
d'une prieure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Elles ne voient jamais le pr&amp;amp;ecirc;tre officiant, qui leur est toujours cach&amp;amp;eacute;&lt;br /&gt;
par une serge tendue &amp;amp;agrave; neuf pieds de haut. Au sermon, quand le&lt;br /&gt;
pr&amp;amp;eacute;dicateur est dans la chapelle, elles baissent leur voile sur leur&lt;br /&gt;
visage. Elles doivent toujours parler bas, marcher les yeux &amp;amp;agrave; terre et&lt;br /&gt;
la t&amp;amp;ecirc;te inclin&amp;amp;eacute;e. Un seul homme peut entrer dans le couvent,&lt;br /&gt;
l'archev&amp;amp;ecirc;que dioc&amp;amp;eacute;sain.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Il y en a bien un autre, qui est le jardinier; mais c'est toujours un&lt;br /&gt;
vieillard, et afin qu'il soit perp&amp;amp;eacute;tuellement seul dans le jardin et que&lt;br /&gt;
les religieuses soient averties de l'&amp;amp;eacute;viter, on lui attache une&lt;br /&gt;
clochette au genou.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Elles sont soumises &amp;amp;agrave; la prieure d'une soumission absolue et passive.&lt;br /&gt;
C'est la suj&amp;amp;eacute;tion canonique dans toute son abn&amp;amp;eacute;gation. Comme &amp;amp;agrave; la voix&lt;br /&gt;
du Christ, ''ut voci Christi'', au geste, au premier signe, ''ad nutum, ad&lt;br /&gt;
primum signum'', tout de suite, avec bonheur, avec pers&amp;amp;eacute;v&amp;amp;eacute;rance, avec une&lt;br /&gt;
certaine ob&amp;amp;eacute;issance aveugle, ''prompte, hilariter perseveranter et caeca&lt;br /&gt;
quadam obedientia'', comme la lime dans la main de l'ouvrier, ''quasi&lt;br /&gt;
limam in manibus fabri'', ne pouvant lire ni &amp;amp;eacute;crire quoi que ce soit sans&lt;br /&gt;
permission expresse, ''legere vel scribere non addiscerit sine expressa&lt;br /&gt;
superioris licentia''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;Agrave; tour de r&amp;amp;ocirc;le chacune d'elles fait ce qu'elles appellent ''la&lt;br /&gt;
r&amp;amp;eacute;paration''. La r&amp;amp;eacute;paration, c'est la pri&amp;amp;egrave;re pour tous les p&amp;amp;eacute;ch&amp;amp;eacute;s, pour&lt;br /&gt;
toutes les fautes, pour tous les d&amp;amp;eacute;sordres, pour toutes les violations,&lt;br /&gt;
pour toutes les iniquit&amp;amp;eacute;s, pour tous les crimes qui se commettent sur la&lt;br /&gt;
terre. Pendant douze heures cons&amp;amp;eacute;cutives, de quatre heures du soir &amp;amp;agrave;&lt;br /&gt;
quatre heures du matin, ou de quatre heures du matin &amp;amp;agrave; quatre heures du&lt;br /&gt;
soir, la s&amp;amp;oelig;ur qui fait ''la r&amp;amp;eacute;paration'' reste &amp;amp;agrave; genoux sur la pierre&lt;br /&gt;
devant le Saint-Sacrement, les mains jointes, la corde au cou. Quand la&lt;br /&gt;
fatigue devient insupportable, elle se prosterne &amp;amp;agrave; plat ventre, la face&lt;br /&gt;
contre terre, les bras en croix; c'est l&amp;amp;agrave; tout son soulagement. Dans&lt;br /&gt;
cette attitude, elle prie pour tous les coupables de l'univers. Ceci est&lt;br /&gt;
grand jusqu'au sublime.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Comme cet acte s'accomplit devant un poteau au haut duquel br&amp;amp;ucirc;le un&lt;br /&gt;
cierge, on dit indistinctement ''faire la r&amp;amp;eacute;paration'' ou ''&amp;amp;ecirc;tre au&lt;br /&gt;
poteau''. Les religieuses pr&amp;amp;eacute;f&amp;amp;egrave;rent m&amp;amp;ecirc;me, par humilit&amp;amp;eacute;, cette derni&amp;amp;egrave;re&lt;br /&gt;
expression qui contient une id&amp;amp;eacute;e de supplice et d'abaissement.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
''Faire la r&amp;amp;eacute;paration'' est une fonction o&amp;amp;ugrave; toute l'&amp;amp;acirc;me s'absorbe. La&lt;br /&gt;
s&amp;amp;oelig;ur au poteau ne se retournerait pas pour le tonnerre tombant derri&amp;amp;egrave;re&lt;br /&gt;
elle.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
En outre, il y a toujours une religieuse &amp;amp;agrave; genoux devant le&lt;br /&gt;
Saint-Sacrement. Cette station dure une heure. Elles se rel&amp;amp;egrave;vent comme&lt;br /&gt;
des soldats en faction. C'est l&amp;amp;agrave; l'Adoration Perp&amp;amp;eacute;tuelle.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Les prieures et les m&amp;amp;egrave;res portent presque toujours des noms empreints&lt;br /&gt;
d'une gravit&amp;amp;eacute; particuli&amp;amp;egrave;re, rappelant, non des saintes et des martyres,&lt;br /&gt;
mais des moments de la vie de J&amp;amp;eacute;sus-Christ, comme la m&amp;amp;egrave;re Nativit&amp;amp;eacute;, la&lt;br /&gt;
m&amp;amp;egrave;re Conception, la m&amp;amp;egrave;re Pr&amp;amp;eacute;sentation, la m&amp;amp;egrave;re Passion. Cependant les&lt;br /&gt;
noms de saintes ne sont pas interdits.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Quand on les voit, on ne voit jamais que leur bouche. Toutes ont les&lt;br /&gt;
dents jaunes. Jamais une brosse &amp;amp;agrave; dents n'est entr&amp;amp;eacute;e dans le couvent. Se&lt;br /&gt;
brosser les dents, est au haut d'une &amp;amp;eacute;chelle au bas de laquelle il y a:&lt;br /&gt;
perdre son &amp;amp;acirc;me.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Elles ne disent de rien ''ma'' ni ''mon''. Elles n'ont rien &amp;amp;agrave; elles et ne&lt;br /&gt;
doivent tenir &amp;amp;agrave; rien. Elles disent de toute chose ''notre;'' ainsi: notre&lt;br /&gt;
voile, notre chapelet; si elles parlaient de leur chemise, elles&lt;br /&gt;
diraient ''notre chemise''. Quelquefois elles s'attachent &amp;amp;agrave; quelque petit&lt;br /&gt;
objet, &amp;amp;agrave; un livre d'heures, &amp;amp;agrave; une relique, &amp;amp;agrave; une m&amp;amp;eacute;daille b&amp;amp;eacute;nite. D&amp;amp;egrave;s&lt;br /&gt;
qu'elles s'aper&amp;amp;ccedil;oivent qu'elles commencent &amp;amp;agrave; tenir &amp;amp;agrave; cet objet, elles&lt;br /&gt;
doivent le donner. Elles se rappellent le mot de sainte Th&amp;amp;eacute;r&amp;amp;egrave;se &amp;amp;agrave;&lt;br /&gt;
laquelle une grande dame, au moment d'entrer dans son ordre, disait:&lt;br /&gt;
Permettez, ma m&amp;amp;egrave;re, que j'envoie chercher une sainte bible &amp;amp;agrave; laquelle je&lt;br /&gt;
tiens beaucoup.&amp;amp;mdash;''Ah! vous tenez &amp;amp;agrave; quelque chose! En ce cas, n'entrez&lt;br /&gt;
pas chez nous''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
D&amp;amp;eacute;fense &amp;amp;agrave; qui que ce soit de s'enfermer, et d'avoir un ''chez-soi'', une&lt;br /&gt;
''chambre''. Elles vivent cellules ouvertes. Quand elles s'abordent, l'une&lt;br /&gt;
dit: ''Lou&amp;amp;eacute; soit et ador&amp;amp;eacute; le tr&amp;amp;egrave;s Saint-Sacrement de l'autel''! L'autre&lt;br /&gt;
r&amp;amp;eacute;pond: ''&amp;amp;Agrave; jamais''. M&amp;amp;ecirc;me c&amp;amp;eacute;r&amp;amp;eacute;monie quand l'une frappe &amp;amp;agrave; la porte de&lt;br /&gt;
l'autre. &amp;amp;Agrave; peine la porte a-t-elle &amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;eacute; touch&amp;amp;eacute;e qu'on entend de l'autre&lt;br /&gt;
c&amp;amp;ocirc;t&amp;amp;eacute; une voix douce dire pr&amp;amp;eacute;cipitamment: &amp;amp;Agrave; jamais! Comme toutes les&lt;br /&gt;
pratiques, cela devient machinal par l'habitude; et l'une dit&lt;br /&gt;
quelquefois ''&amp;amp;agrave; jamais'' avant que l'autre ait eu le temps de dire, ce qui&lt;br /&gt;
est assez long d'ailleurs: ''Lou&amp;amp;eacute; soit et ador&amp;amp;eacute; le tr&amp;amp;egrave;s Saint-Sacrement&lt;br /&gt;
de l'autel''! Chez les visitandines, celle qui entre dit: ''Ave Maria'', et&lt;br /&gt;
celle chez laquelle on entre dit: ''Grati&amp;amp;acirc; plena''. C'est leur bonjour,&lt;br /&gt;
qui est &amp;amp;laquo;plein de gr&amp;amp;acirc;ce&amp;amp;raquo; en effet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;Agrave; chaque heure du jour, trois coups suppl&amp;amp;eacute;mentaires sonnent &amp;amp;agrave; la cloche&lt;br /&gt;
de l'&amp;amp;eacute;glise du couvent. &amp;amp;Agrave; ce signal, prieure, m&amp;amp;egrave;res vocales, professes,&lt;br /&gt;
converses, novices, postulantes, interrompent ce qu'elles disent, ce&lt;br /&gt;
qu'elles font ou ce qu'elles pensent, et toutes disent &amp;amp;agrave; la fois, s'il&lt;br /&gt;
est cinq heures, par exemple:&amp;amp;mdash;''&amp;amp;Agrave; cinq heures et &amp;amp;agrave; toute heure, lou&amp;amp;eacute;&lt;br /&gt;
soit et ador&amp;amp;eacute; le tr&amp;amp;egrave;s Saint-Sacrement de l'autel''! S'il est huit&lt;br /&gt;
heures:&amp;amp;mdash;''&amp;amp;Agrave; huit heures et &amp;amp;agrave; toute heure'', etc., et ainsi de suite,&lt;br /&gt;
selon l'heure qu'il est.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Cette coutume, qui a pour but de rompre la pens&amp;amp;eacute;e et de la ramener&lt;br /&gt;
toujours &amp;amp;agrave; Dieu, existe dans beaucoup de communaut&amp;amp;eacute;s; seulement la&lt;br /&gt;
formule varie. Ainsi, &amp;amp;agrave; l'Enfant-J&amp;amp;eacute;sus, on dit:&amp;amp;mdash;''&amp;amp;Agrave; l'heure qu'il est et&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;agrave; toute heure que l'amour de J&amp;amp;eacute;sus enflamme mon c&amp;amp;oelig;ur!''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Les b&amp;amp;eacute;n&amp;amp;eacute;dictines-bernardines de Martin Verga, clo&amp;amp;icirc;tr&amp;amp;eacute;es il y a cinquante&lt;br /&gt;
ans au Petit-Picpus, chantent les offices sur une psalmodie grave,&lt;br /&gt;
plain-chant pur, et toujours &amp;amp;agrave; pleine voix toute la dur&amp;amp;eacute;e de l'office.&lt;br /&gt;
Partout o&amp;amp;ugrave; il y a un ast&amp;amp;eacute;risque dans le missel, elles font une pause et&lt;br /&gt;
disent &amp;amp;agrave; voix basse: ''J&amp;amp;eacute;sus-Marie-Joseph''. Pour l'office des morts,&lt;br /&gt;
elles prennent le ton si bas, que c'est &amp;amp;agrave; peine si des voix de femmes&lt;br /&gt;
peuvent descendre jusque-l&amp;amp;agrave;. Il en r&amp;amp;eacute;sulte un effet saisissant et&lt;br /&gt;
tragique.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Celles du Petit-Picpus avaient fait faire un caveau sous leur&lt;br /&gt;
ma&amp;amp;icirc;tre-autel pour la s&amp;amp;eacute;pulture de leur communaut&amp;amp;eacute;. ''Le gouvernement'',&lt;br /&gt;
comme elles disent, ne permit pas que ce caveau re&amp;amp;ccedil;&amp;amp;ucirc;t les cercueils.&lt;br /&gt;
Elles sortaient donc du couvent quand elles &amp;amp;eacute;taient mortes. Ceci les&lt;br /&gt;
affligeait et les consternait comme une infraction.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Elles avaient obtenu, consolation m&amp;amp;eacute;diocre, d'&amp;amp;ecirc;tre enterr&amp;amp;eacute;es &amp;amp;agrave; une heure&lt;br /&gt;
sp&amp;amp;eacute;ciale et en un coin sp&amp;amp;eacute;cial dans l'ancien cimeti&amp;amp;egrave;re Vaugirard, qui&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;eacute;tait fait d'une terre appartenant jadis &amp;amp;agrave; leur communaut&amp;amp;eacute;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Le jeudi ces religieuses entendent la grand'messe, v&amp;amp;ecirc;pres et tous les&lt;br /&gt;
offices comme le dimanche. Elles observent en outre scrupuleusement&lt;br /&gt;
toutes les petites f&amp;amp;ecirc;tes, inconnues aux gens du monde, que l'&amp;amp;eacute;glise&lt;br /&gt;
prodiguait autrefois en France et prodigue encore en Espagne et en&lt;br /&gt;
Italie. Leurs stations &amp;amp;agrave; la chapelle sont interminables. Quant au nombre&lt;br /&gt;
et &amp;amp;agrave; la dur&amp;amp;eacute;e de leurs pri&amp;amp;egrave;res, nous ne pouvons en donner une meilleure&lt;br /&gt;
id&amp;amp;eacute;e qu'en citant le mot na&amp;amp;iuml;f de l'une d'elles: ''Les pri&amp;amp;egrave;res des&lt;br /&gt;
postulantes sont effrayantes, les pri&amp;amp;egrave;res des novices encore pires, et&lt;br /&gt;
les pri&amp;amp;egrave;res des professes encore pires''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Une fois par semaine, on assemble le chapitre; la prieure pr&amp;amp;eacute;side, les&lt;br /&gt;
m&amp;amp;egrave;res vocales assistent. Chaque s&amp;amp;oelig;ur vient &amp;amp;agrave; son tour s'agenouiller sur&lt;br /&gt;
la pierre, et confesser &amp;amp;agrave; haute voix, devant toutes, les fautes et les&lt;br /&gt;
p&amp;amp;eacute;ch&amp;amp;eacute;s qu'elle a commis dans la semaine. Les m&amp;amp;egrave;res vocales se consultent&lt;br /&gt;
apr&amp;amp;egrave;s chaque confession, et infligent tout haut les p&amp;amp;eacute;nitences.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Outre la confession &amp;amp;agrave; haute voix, pour laquelle on r&amp;amp;eacute;serve toutes les&lt;br /&gt;
fautes un peu graves, elles ont pour les fautes v&amp;amp;eacute;nielles ce qu'elles&lt;br /&gt;
appellent ''la coulpe''. Faire sa coulpe, c'est se prosterner &amp;amp;agrave; plat&lt;br /&gt;
ventre durant l'office devant la prieure jusqu'&amp;amp;agrave; ce que celle-ci, qu'on&lt;br /&gt;
ne nomme jamais que ''notre m&amp;amp;egrave;re'', avertisse la patiente par un petit&lt;br /&gt;
coup frapp&amp;amp;eacute; sur le bois de sa stalle qu'elle peut se relever. On fait sa&lt;br /&gt;
coulpe pour tr&amp;amp;egrave;s peu de chose, un verre cass&amp;amp;eacute;, un voile d&amp;amp;eacute;chir&amp;amp;eacute;, un&lt;br /&gt;
retard involontaire de quelques secondes &amp;amp;agrave; un office, une fausse note &amp;amp;agrave;&lt;br /&gt;
l'&amp;amp;eacute;glise, etc., cela suffit, on fait sa coulpe. La coulpe est toute&lt;br /&gt;
spontan&amp;amp;eacute;e; c'est ''la coupable'' elle-m&amp;amp;ecirc;me (ce mot est ici&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;eacute;tymologiquement &amp;amp;agrave; sa place) qui se juge et qui se l'inflige. Les jours&lt;br /&gt;
de f&amp;amp;ecirc;tes et les dimanches il y a quatre m&amp;amp;egrave;res chantres qui psalmodient&lt;br /&gt;
les offices devant un grand lutrin &amp;amp;agrave; quatre pupitres. Un jour une m&amp;amp;egrave;re&lt;br /&gt;
chantre entonna un psaume qui commen&amp;amp;ccedil;ait par ''Ecce'', et, au lieu de&lt;br /&gt;
''Ecce'', dit &amp;amp;agrave; haute voix ces trois notes: ''ut, si, sol;'' elle subit pour&lt;br /&gt;
cette distraction une coulpe qui dura tout l'office. Ce qui rendait la&lt;br /&gt;
faute &amp;amp;eacute;norme, c'est que le chapitre avait ri.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Lorsqu'une religieuse est appel&amp;amp;eacute;e au parloir, f&amp;amp;ucirc;t-ce la prieure, elle&lt;br /&gt;
baisse son voile de fa&amp;amp;ccedil;on, l'on s'en souvient, &amp;amp;agrave; ne laisser voir que sa&lt;br /&gt;
bouche.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
La prieure seule peut communiquer avec des &amp;amp;eacute;trangers. Les autres ne&lt;br /&gt;
peuvent voir que leur famille &amp;amp;eacute;troite, et tr&amp;amp;egrave;s rarement. Si par hasard&lt;br /&gt;
une personne du dehors se pr&amp;amp;eacute;sente pour voir une religieuse qu'elle a&lt;br /&gt;
connue ou aim&amp;amp;eacute;e dans le monde, il faut toute une n&amp;amp;eacute;gociation. Si c'est&lt;br /&gt;
une femme, l'autorisation peut &amp;amp;ecirc;tre quelquefois accord&amp;amp;eacute;e, la religieuse&lt;br /&gt;
vient et on lui parle &amp;amp;agrave; travers les volets, lesquels ne s'ouvrent que&lt;br /&gt;
pour une m&amp;amp;egrave;re ou une s&amp;amp;oelig;ur. Il va sans dire que la permission est&lt;br /&gt;
toujours refus&amp;amp;eacute;e aux hommes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Telle est la r&amp;amp;egrave;gle de saint Beno&amp;amp;icirc;t, aggrav&amp;amp;eacute;e par Martin Verga.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Ces religieuses ne sont point gaies, roses et fra&amp;amp;icirc;ches comme le sont&lt;br /&gt;
souvent les filles des autres ordres. Elles sont p&amp;amp;acirc;les et graves. De&lt;br /&gt;
1825 &amp;amp;agrave; 1830 trois sont devenues folles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
==English text==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
This convent, which in 1824 had already existed for many a long year in&lt;br /&gt;
the Rue Petit-Picpus, was a community of Bernardines of the obedience of&lt;br /&gt;
Martin Verga.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
These Bernardines were attached, in consequence, not to Clairvaux, like&lt;br /&gt;
the Bernardine monks, but to Citeaux, like the Benedictine monks. In other&lt;br /&gt;
words, they were the subjects, not of Saint Bernard, but of Saint Benoit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Any one who has turned over old folios to any extent knows that Martin&lt;br /&gt;
Verga founded in 1425 a congregation of Bernardines-Benedictines, with&lt;br /&gt;
Salamanca for the head of the order, and Alcala as the branch&lt;br /&gt;
establishment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
This congregation had sent out branches throughout all the Catholic&lt;br /&gt;
countries of Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
There is nothing unusual in the Latin Church in these grafts of one order&lt;br /&gt;
on another. To mention only a single order of Saint-Benoit, which is here&lt;br /&gt;
in question: there are attached to this order, without counting the&lt;br /&gt;
obedience of Martin Verga, four congregations,&amp;amp;mdash;two in Italy,&lt;br /&gt;
Mont-Cassin and Sainte-Justine of Padua; two in France, Cluny and&lt;br /&gt;
Saint-Maur; and nine orders,&amp;amp;mdash;Vallombrosa, Granmont, the Celestins,&lt;br /&gt;
the Camaldules, the Carthusians, the Humilies, the Olivateurs, the&lt;br /&gt;
Silvestrins, and lastly, Citeaux; for Citeaux itself, a trunk for other&lt;br /&gt;
orders, is only an offshoot of Saint-Benoit. Citeaux dates from Saint&lt;br /&gt;
Robert, Abbé de Molesme, in the diocese of Langres, in 1098. Now it was in&lt;br /&gt;
529 that the devil, having retired to the desert of Subiaco&amp;amp;mdash;he was&lt;br /&gt;
old&amp;amp;mdash;had he turned hermit?&amp;amp;mdash;was chased from the ancient temple&lt;br /&gt;
of Apollo, where he dwelt, by Saint-Benoit, then aged seventeen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
After the rule of the Carmelites, who go barefoot, wear a bit of willow on&lt;br /&gt;
their throats, and never sit down, the harshest rule is that of the&lt;br /&gt;
Bernardines-Benedictines of Martin Verga. They are clothed in black, with&lt;br /&gt;
a guimpe, which, in accordance with the express command of Saint-Benoit,&lt;br /&gt;
mounts to the chin. A robe of serge with large sleeves, a large woollen&lt;br /&gt;
veil, the guimpe which mounts to the chin cut square on the breast, the&lt;br /&gt;
band which descends over their brow to their eyes,&amp;amp;mdash;this is their&lt;br /&gt;
dress. All is black except the band, which is white. The novices wear the&lt;br /&gt;
same habit, but all in white. The professed nuns also wear a rosary at&lt;br /&gt;
their side.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The Bernardines-Benedictines of Martin Verga practise the Perpetual&lt;br /&gt;
Adoration, like the Benedictines called Ladies of the Holy Sacrament, who,&lt;br /&gt;
at the beginning of this century, had two houses in Paris,&amp;amp;mdash;one at&lt;br /&gt;
the Temple, the other in the Rue Neuve-Sainte-Genevieve. However, the&lt;br /&gt;
Bernardines-Benedictines of the Petit-Picpus, of whom we are speaking,&lt;br /&gt;
were a totally different order from the Ladies of the Holy Sacrament,&lt;br /&gt;
cloistered in the Rue Neuve-Sainte-Genevieve and at the Temple. There were&lt;br /&gt;
numerous differences in their rule; there were some in their costume. The&lt;br /&gt;
Bernardines-Benedictines of the Petit-Picpus wore the black guimpe, and&lt;br /&gt;
the Benedictines of the Holy Sacrament and of the Rue&lt;br /&gt;
Neuve-Sainte-Genevieve wore a white one, and had, besides, on their&lt;br /&gt;
breasts, a Holy Sacrament about three inches long, in silver gilt or&lt;br /&gt;
gilded copper. The nuns of the Petit-Picpus did not wear this Holy&lt;br /&gt;
Sacrament. The Perpetual Adoration, which was common to the house of the&lt;br /&gt;
Petit-Picpus and to the house of the Temple, leaves those two orders&lt;br /&gt;
perfectly distinct. Their only resemblance lies in this practice of the&lt;br /&gt;
Ladies of the Holy Sacrament and the Bernardines of Martin Verga, just as&lt;br /&gt;
there existed a similarity in the study and the glorification of all the&lt;br /&gt;
mysteries relating to the infancy, the life, and death of Jesus Christ and&lt;br /&gt;
the Virgin, between the two orders, which were, nevertheless, widely&lt;br /&gt;
separated, and on occasion even hostile. The Oratory of Italy, established&lt;br /&gt;
at Florence by Philip de Neri, and the Oratory of France, established by&lt;br /&gt;
Pierre de Berulle. The Oratory of France claimed the precedence, since&lt;br /&gt;
Philip de Neri was only a saint, while Berulle was a cardinal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Let us return to the harsh Spanish rule of Martin Verga.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The Bernardines-Benedictines of this obedience fast all the year round,&lt;br /&gt;
abstain from meat, fast in Lent and on many other days which are peculiar&lt;br /&gt;
to them, rise from their first sleep, from one to three o'clock in the&lt;br /&gt;
morning, to read their breviary and chant matins, sleep in all seasons&lt;br /&gt;
between serge sheets and on straw, make no use of the bath, never light a&lt;br /&gt;
fire, scourge themselves every Friday, observe the rule of silence, speak&lt;br /&gt;
to each other only during the recreation hours, which are very brief, and&lt;br /&gt;
wear drugget chemises for six months in the year, from September 14th,&lt;br /&gt;
which is the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, until Easter. These six months&lt;br /&gt;
are a modification: the rule says all the year, but this drugget chemise,&lt;br /&gt;
intolerable in the heat of summer, produced fevers and nervous spasms. The&lt;br /&gt;
use of it had to be restricted. Even with this palliation, when the nuns&lt;br /&gt;
put on this chemise on the 14th of September, they suffer from fever for&lt;br /&gt;
three or four days. Obedience, poverty, chastity, perseverance in their&lt;br /&gt;
seclusion,&amp;amp;mdash;these are their vows, which the rule greatly aggravates.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The prioress is elected for three years by the mothers, who are called&lt;br /&gt;
meres vocales because they have a voice in the chapter. A prioress can&lt;br /&gt;
only be re-elected twice, which fixes the longest possible reign of a&lt;br /&gt;
prioress at nine years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
They never see the officiating priest, who is always hidden from them by a&lt;br /&gt;
serge curtain nine feet in height. During the sermon, when the preacher is&lt;br /&gt;
in the chapel, they drop their veils over their faces. They must always&lt;br /&gt;
speak low, walk with their eyes on the ground and their heads bowed. One&lt;br /&gt;
man only is allowed to enter the convent,&amp;amp;mdash;the archbishop of the&lt;br /&gt;
diocese.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
There is really one other,&amp;amp;mdash;the gardener. But he is always an old&lt;br /&gt;
man, and, in order that he may always be alone in the garden, and that the&lt;br /&gt;
nuns may be warned to avoid him, a bell is attached to his knee.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Their submission to the prioress is absolute and passive. It is the&lt;br /&gt;
canonical subjection in the full force of its abnegation. As at the voice&lt;br /&gt;
of Christ, ut voci Christi, at a gesture, at the first sign, ad nutum, ad&lt;br /&gt;
primum signum, immediately, with cheerfulness, with perseverance, with a&lt;br /&gt;
certain blind obedience, prompte, hilariter, perseveranter et caeca quadam&lt;br /&gt;
obedientia, as the file in the hand of the workman, quasi limam in manibus&lt;br /&gt;
fabri, without power to read or to write without express permission,&lt;br /&gt;
legere vel scribere non addiscerit sine expressa superioris licentia.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Each one of them in turn makes what they call reparation. The reparation&lt;br /&gt;
is the prayer for all the sins, for all the faults, for all the&lt;br /&gt;
dissensions, for all the violations, for all the iniquities, for all the&lt;br /&gt;
crimes committed on earth. For the space of twelve consecutive hours, from&lt;br /&gt;
four o'clock in the afternoon till four o'clock in the morning, or from&lt;br /&gt;
four o'clock in the morning until four o'clock in the afternoon, the&lt;br /&gt;
sister who is making reparation remains on her knees on the stone before&lt;br /&gt;
the Holy Sacrament, with hands clasped, a rope around her neck. When her&lt;br /&gt;
fatigue becomes unendurable, she prostrates herself flat on her face&lt;br /&gt;
against the earth, with her arms outstretched in the form of a cross; this&lt;br /&gt;
is her only relief. In this attitude she prays for all the guilty in the&lt;br /&gt;
universe. This is great to sublimity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
As this act is performed in front of a post on which burns a candle, it is&lt;br /&gt;
called without distinction, to make reparation or to be at the post. The&lt;br /&gt;
nuns even prefer, out of humility, this last expression, which contains an&lt;br /&gt;
idea of torture and abasement.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
To make reparation is a function in which the whole soul is absorbed. The&lt;br /&gt;
sister at the post would not turn round were a thunderbolt to fall&lt;br /&gt;
directly behind her.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Besides this, there is always a sister kneeling before the Holy Sacrament.&lt;br /&gt;
This station lasts an hour. They relieve each other like soldiers on&lt;br /&gt;
guard. This is the Perpetual Adoration.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The prioresses and the mothers almost always bear names stamped with&lt;br /&gt;
peculiar solemnity, recalling, not the saints and martyrs, but moments in&lt;br /&gt;
the life of Jesus Christ: as Mother Nativity, Mother Conception, Mother&lt;br /&gt;
Presentation, Mother Passion. But the names of saints are not interdicted.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
When one sees them, one never sees anything but their mouths.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
All their teeth are yellow. No tooth-brush ever entered that convent.&lt;br /&gt;
Brushing one's teeth is at the top of a ladder at whose bottom is the loss&lt;br /&gt;
of one's soul.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
They never say my. They possess nothing of their own, and they must not&lt;br /&gt;
attach themselves to anything. They call everything our; thus: our veil,&lt;br /&gt;
our chaplet; if they were speaking of their chemise, they would say our&lt;br /&gt;
chemise. Sometimes they grow attached to some petty object,&amp;amp;mdash;to a&lt;br /&gt;
book of hours, a relic, a medal that has been blessed. As soon as they&lt;br /&gt;
become aware that they are growing attached to this object, they must give&lt;br /&gt;
it up. They recall the words of Saint Therese, to whom a great lady said,&lt;br /&gt;
as she was on the point of entering her order, &amp;quot;Permit me, mother, to send&lt;br /&gt;
for a Bible to which I am greatly attached.&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Ah, you are attached to&lt;br /&gt;
something! In that case, do not enter our order!&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Every person whatever is forbidden to shut herself up, to have a place of&lt;br /&gt;
her own, a chamber. They live with their cells open. When they meet, one&lt;br /&gt;
says, &amp;quot;Blessed and adored be the most Holy Sacrament of the altar!&amp;quot; The&lt;br /&gt;
other responds, &amp;quot;Forever.&amp;quot; The same ceremony when one taps at the other's&lt;br /&gt;
door. Hardly has she touched the door when a soft voice on the other side&lt;br /&gt;
is heard to say hastily, &amp;quot;Forever!&amp;quot; Like all practices, this becomes&lt;br /&gt;
mechanical by force of habit; and one sometimes says forever before the&lt;br /&gt;
other has had time to say the rather long sentence, &amp;quot;Praised and adored be&lt;br /&gt;
the most Holy Sacrament of the altar.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Among the Visitandines the one who enters says: &amp;quot;Ave Maria,&amp;quot; and the one&lt;br /&gt;
whose cell is entered says, &amp;quot;Gratia plena.&amp;quot; It is their way of saying good&lt;br /&gt;
day, which is in fact full of grace.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
At each hour of the day three supplementary strokes sound from the church&lt;br /&gt;
bell of the convent. At this signal prioress, vocal mothers, professed&lt;br /&gt;
nuns, lay-sisters, novices, postulants, interrupt what they are saying,&lt;br /&gt;
what they are doing, or what they are thinking, and all say in unison if&lt;br /&gt;
it is five o'clock, for instance, &amp;quot;At five o'clock and at all hours&lt;br /&gt;
praised and adored be the most Holy Sacrament of the altar!&amp;quot; If it is&lt;br /&gt;
eight o'clock, &amp;quot;At eight o'clock and at all hours!&amp;quot; and so on, according&lt;br /&gt;
to the hour.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
This custom, the object of which is to break the thread of thought and to&lt;br /&gt;
lead it back constantly to God, exists in many communities; the formula&lt;br /&gt;
alone varies. Thus at The Infant Jesus they say, &amp;quot;At this hour and at&lt;br /&gt;
every hour may the love of Jesus kindle my heart!&amp;quot; The&lt;br /&gt;
Bernardines-Benedictines of Martin Verga, cloistered fifty years ago at&lt;br /&gt;
Petit-Picpus, chant the offices to a solemn psalmody, a pure Gregorian&lt;br /&gt;
chant, and always with full voice during the whole course of the office.&lt;br /&gt;
Everywhere in the missal where an asterisk occurs they pause, and say in a&lt;br /&gt;
low voice, &amp;quot;Jesus-Marie-Joseph.&amp;quot; For the office of the dead they adopt a&lt;br /&gt;
tone so low that the voices of women can hardly descend to such a depth.&lt;br /&gt;
The effect produced is striking and tragic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The nuns of the Petit-Picpus had made a vault under their grand altar for&lt;br /&gt;
the burial of their community. The Government, as they say, does not&lt;br /&gt;
permit this vault to receive coffins so they leave the convent when they&lt;br /&gt;
die. This is an affliction to them, and causes them consternation as an&lt;br /&gt;
infraction of the rules.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
They had obtained a mediocre consolation at best,&amp;amp;mdash;permission to be&lt;br /&gt;
interred at a special hour and in a special corner in the ancient&lt;br /&gt;
Vaugirard cemetery, which was made of land which had formerly belonged to&lt;br /&gt;
their community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
On Fridays the nuns hear high mass, vespers, and all the offices, as on&lt;br /&gt;
Sunday. They scrupulously observe in addition all the little festivals&lt;br /&gt;
unknown to people of the world, of which the Church of France was so&lt;br /&gt;
prodigal in the olden days, and of which it is still prodigal in Spain and&lt;br /&gt;
Italy. Their stations in the chapel are interminable. As for the number&lt;br /&gt;
and duration of their prayers we can convey no better idea of them than by&lt;br /&gt;
quoting the ingenuous remark of one of them: &amp;quot;The prayers of the&lt;br /&gt;
postulants are frightful, the prayers of the novices are still worse, and&lt;br /&gt;
the prayers of the professed nuns are still worse.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Once a week the chapter assembles: the prioress presides; the vocal&lt;br /&gt;
mothers assist. Each sister kneels in turn on the stones, and confesses&lt;br /&gt;
aloud, in the presence of all, the faults and sins which she has committed&lt;br /&gt;
during the week. The vocal mothers consult after each confession and&lt;br /&gt;
inflict the penance aloud.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Besides this confession in a loud tone, for which all faults in the least&lt;br /&gt;
serious are reserved, they have for their venial offences what they call&lt;br /&gt;
the coulpe. To make one's coulpe means to prostrate one's self flat on&lt;br /&gt;
one's face during the office in front of the prioress until the latter,&lt;br /&gt;
who is never called anything but our mother, notifies the culprit by a&lt;br /&gt;
slight tap of her foot against the wood of her stall that she can rise.&lt;br /&gt;
The coulpe or peccavi, is made for a very small matter&amp;amp;mdash;a broken&lt;br /&gt;
glass, a torn veil, an involuntary delay of a few seconds at an office, a&lt;br /&gt;
false note in church, etc.; this suffices, and the coulpe is made. The&lt;br /&gt;
coulpe is entirely spontaneous; it is the culpable person herself (the&lt;br /&gt;
word is etymologically in its place here) who judges herself and inflicts&lt;br /&gt;
it on herself. On festival days and Sundays four mother precentors intone&lt;br /&gt;
the offices before a large reading-desk with four places. One day one of&lt;br /&gt;
the mother precentors intoned a psalm beginning with Ecce, and instead of&lt;br /&gt;
Ecce she uttered aloud the three notes do si sol; for this piece of&lt;br /&gt;
absent-mindedness she underwent a coulpe which lasted during the whole&lt;br /&gt;
service: what rendered the fault enormous was the fact that the chapter&lt;br /&gt;
had laughed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
When a nun is summoned to the parlor, even were it the prioress herself,&lt;br /&gt;
she drops her veil, as will be remembered, so that only her mouth is&lt;br /&gt;
visible.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The prioress alone can hold communication with strangers. The others can&lt;br /&gt;
see only their immediate family, and that very rarely. If, by chance, an&lt;br /&gt;
outsider presents herself to see a nun, or one whom she has known and&lt;br /&gt;
loved in the outer world, a regular series of negotiations is required. If&lt;br /&gt;
it is a woman, the authorization may sometimes be granted; the nun comes,&lt;br /&gt;
and they talk to her through the shutters, which are opened only for a&lt;br /&gt;
mother or sister. It is unnecessary to say that permission is always&lt;br /&gt;
refused to men.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Such is the rule of Saint-Benoit, aggravated by Martin Verga.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
These nuns are not gay, rosy, and fresh, as the daughters of other orders&lt;br /&gt;
often are. They are pale and grave. Between 1825 and 1830 three of them&lt;br /&gt;
went mad.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Translation notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Textual notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Citations==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Historymaker</name></author>
		
	</entry>
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