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	<id>http://chanvrerie.net/lmap/history/Volume_2/Book_4/Chapter_1?feed=atom</id>
	<title>Volume 2/Book 4/Chapter 1 - Revision history</title>
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	<updated>2026-04-06T09:58:18Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>http://chanvrerie.net/annotations/index.php?title=Volume_2/Book_4/Chapter_1&amp;diff=199&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Historymaker: /* all he obtained was leave to place a P in front of his R, and to call himself Prenard */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://chanvrerie.net/annotations/index.php?title=Volume_2/Book_4/Chapter_1&amp;diff=199&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2014-03-02T19:06:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;‎&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;all he obtained was leave to place a P in front of his R, and to call himself Prenard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;diff diff-contentalign-left&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 19:06, 2 March 2014&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l527&quot; &gt;Line 527:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 527:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===all he obtained was leave to place a P in front of his R, and to call himself Prenard===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===all he obtained was leave to place a P in front of his R, and to call himself Prenard===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Prenard could mean the one who takes, taker, &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;receiver. I'm not sure if &lt;/del&gt;this is &lt;del class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;a sex joke&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Prenard could mean the one who takes, taker&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;. Prendre can also mean to to take in, dupe, fool&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;so &lt;/ins&gt;this is &lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;probably related to that meaning of the term&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Textual notes==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Textual notes==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Historymaker</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://chanvrerie.net/annotations/index.php?title=Volume_2/Book_4/Chapter_1&amp;diff=198&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Historymaker: /* all he obtained was leave to place a P in front of his R, and to call himself Prenard */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://chanvrerie.net/annotations/index.php?title=Volume_2/Book_4/Chapter_1&amp;diff=198&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2014-03-02T19:04:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;‎&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;all he obtained was leave to place a P in front of his R, and to call himself Prenard&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;diff diff-contentalign-left&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 19:04, 2 March 2014&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l527&quot; &gt;Line 527:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 527:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===all he obtained was leave to place a P in front of his R, and to call himself Prenard===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;===all he obtained was leave to place a P in front of his R, and to call himself Prenard===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;−&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Prenard could mean the one who takes, taker. I'm not sure if this is a sex joke.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Prenard could mean the one who takes, taker&lt;ins class=&quot;diffchange diffchange-inline&quot;&gt;, receiver&lt;/ins&gt;. I'm not sure if this is a sex joke.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Textual notes==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Textual notes==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Historymaker</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://chanvrerie.net/annotations/index.php?title=Volume_2/Book_4/Chapter_1&amp;diff=197&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Historymaker: /* Translation notes */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://chanvrerie.net/annotations/index.php?title=Volume_2/Book_4/Chapter_1&amp;diff=197&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2014-03-02T19:03:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;‎&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Translation notes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;diff diff-contentalign-left&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 19:03, 2 March 2014&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l523&quot; &gt;Line 523:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 523:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Translation notes==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Translation notes==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;===all he obtained was leave to place a P in front of his R, and to call himself Prenard===&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;+&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Prenard could mean the one who takes, taker. I'm not sure if this is a sex joke.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Textual notes==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class='diff-marker'&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Textual notes==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Historymaker</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://chanvrerie.net/annotations/index.php?title=Volume_2/Book_4/Chapter_1&amp;diff=196&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Historymaker: Created page with &quot;Les Mis&amp;eacute;rables,  Volume 2: Cosette, Book Fourth: The Gorbeau Hovel, Chapter 1: Master Gorbeau&lt;br /&gt; ((Tome 2: Cosette, Livre quatri&amp;egrave;me: La masure Gorbeau, Chapit...&quot;</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://chanvrerie.net/annotations/index.php?title=Volume_2/Book_4/Chapter_1&amp;diff=196&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2014-03-02T18:58:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Created page with &amp;quot;Les Misérables,  Volume 2: Cosette, Book Fourth: The Gorbeau Hovel, Chapter 1: Master Gorbeau&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; ((Tome 2: Cosette, Livre quatrième: La masure Gorbeau, Chapit...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;Les Mis&amp;amp;eacute;rables,  Volume 2: Cosette, Book Fourth: The Gorbeau Hovel, Chapter 1: Master Gorbeau&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
((Tome 2: Cosette, Livre quatri&amp;amp;egrave;me: La masure Gorbeau, Chapitre 1: Ma&amp;amp;icirc;tre Gorbeau)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General notes on this chapter==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==French text==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Il y a quarante ans, le promeneur solitaire qui s'aventurait dans les&lt;br /&gt;
pays perdus de la Salp&amp;amp;ecirc;tri&amp;amp;egrave;re, et qui montait par le boulevard jusque&lt;br /&gt;
vers la barri&amp;amp;egrave;re d'Italie, arrivait &amp;amp;agrave; des endroits o&amp;amp;ugrave; l'on e&amp;amp;ucirc;t pu dire&lt;br /&gt;
que Paris disparaissait. Ce n'&amp;amp;eacute;tait pas la solitude, il y avait des&lt;br /&gt;
passants; ce n'&amp;amp;eacute;tait pas la campagne, il y avait des maisons et des&lt;br /&gt;
rues; ce n'&amp;amp;eacute;tait pas une ville, les rues avaient des orni&amp;amp;egrave;res comme les&lt;br /&gt;
grandes routes et l'herbe y poussait; ce n'&amp;amp;eacute;tait pas un village, les&lt;br /&gt;
maisons &amp;amp;eacute;taient trop hautes. Qu'&amp;amp;eacute;tait-ce donc? C'&amp;amp;eacute;tait un lieu habit&amp;amp;eacute; o&amp;amp;ugrave;&lt;br /&gt;
il n'y avait personne, c'&amp;amp;eacute;tait un lieu d&amp;amp;eacute;sert o&amp;amp;ugrave; il y avait quelqu'un;&lt;br /&gt;
c'&amp;amp;eacute;tait un boulevard de la grande ville, une rue de Paris, plus farouche&lt;br /&gt;
la nuit qu'une for&amp;amp;ecirc;t, plus morne le jour qu'un cimeti&amp;amp;egrave;re.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
C'&amp;amp;eacute;tait le vieux quartier du March&amp;amp;eacute;-aux-Chevaux.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Ce promeneur, s'il se risquait au del&amp;amp;agrave; des quatre murs caducs de ce&lt;br /&gt;
March&amp;amp;eacute;-aux-Chevaux, s'il consentait m&amp;amp;ecirc;me &amp;amp;agrave; d&amp;amp;eacute;passer la rue du&lt;br /&gt;
Petit-Banquier, apr&amp;amp;egrave;s avoir laiss&amp;amp;eacute; &amp;amp;agrave; sa droite un courtil gard&amp;amp;eacute; par de&lt;br /&gt;
hautes murailles, puis un pr&amp;amp;eacute; o&amp;amp;ugrave; se dressaient des meules de tan&lt;br /&gt;
pareilles &amp;amp;agrave; des huttes de castors gigantesques, puis un enclos encombr&amp;amp;eacute;&lt;br /&gt;
de bois de charpente avec des tas de souches, de sciures et de copeaux&lt;br /&gt;
en haut desquels aboyait un gros chien, puis un long mur bas tout en&lt;br /&gt;
ruine, avec une petite porte noire et en deuil, charg&amp;amp;eacute; de mousses qui&lt;br /&gt;
s'emplissaient de fleurs au printemps, puis, au plus d&amp;amp;eacute;sert, une&lt;br /&gt;
affreuse b&amp;amp;acirc;tisse d&amp;amp;eacute;cr&amp;amp;eacute;pite sur laquelle on lisait en grosses lettres:&lt;br /&gt;
DEFENSE D'AFFICHER, ce promeneur hasardeux atteignait l'angle de la rue&lt;br /&gt;
des Vignes-Saint-Marcel, latitudes peu connues. L&amp;amp;agrave;, pr&amp;amp;egrave;s d'une usine et&lt;br /&gt;
entre deux murs de jardins, on voyait en ce temps-l&amp;amp;agrave; une masure qui, au&lt;br /&gt;
premier coup d'&amp;amp;oelig;il, semblait petite comme une chaumi&amp;amp;egrave;re et qui en&lt;br /&gt;
r&amp;amp;eacute;alit&amp;amp;eacute; &amp;amp;eacute;tait grande comme une cath&amp;amp;eacute;drale. Elle se pr&amp;amp;eacute;sentait sur la&lt;br /&gt;
voie publique de c&amp;amp;ocirc;t&amp;amp;eacute;, par le pignon; de l&amp;amp;agrave; son exigu&amp;amp;iuml;t&amp;amp;eacute; apparente.&lt;br /&gt;
Presque toute la maison &amp;amp;eacute;tait cach&amp;amp;eacute;e. On n'en apercevait que la porte et&lt;br /&gt;
une fen&amp;amp;ecirc;tre.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Cette masure n'avait qu'un &amp;amp;eacute;tage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
En l'examinant, le d&amp;amp;eacute;tail qui frappait d'abord, c'est que cette porte&lt;br /&gt;
n'avait jamais pu &amp;amp;ecirc;tre que la porte d'un bouge, tandis que cette&lt;br /&gt;
crois&amp;amp;eacute;e, si elle e&amp;amp;ucirc;t &amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;eacute; coup&amp;amp;eacute;e dans la pierre de taille au lieu de&lt;br /&gt;
l'&amp;amp;ecirc;tre dans le moellon, aurait pu &amp;amp;ecirc;tre la crois&amp;amp;eacute;e d'un h&amp;amp;ocirc;tel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
La porte n'&amp;amp;eacute;tait autre chose qu'un assemblage de planches vermoulues&lt;br /&gt;
grossi&amp;amp;egrave;rement reli&amp;amp;eacute;es par des traverses pareilles &amp;amp;agrave; des b&amp;amp;ucirc;ches mal&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;eacute;quarries. Elle s'ouvrait imm&amp;amp;eacute;diatement sur un roide escalier &amp;amp;agrave; hautes&lt;br /&gt;
marches, boueux, pl&amp;amp;acirc;treux, poudreux, de la m&amp;amp;ecirc;me largeur qu'elle, qu'on&lt;br /&gt;
voyait de la rue monter droit comme une &amp;amp;eacute;chelle et dispara&amp;amp;icirc;tre dans&lt;br /&gt;
l'ombre entre deux murs. Le haut de la baie informe que battait cette&lt;br /&gt;
porte &amp;amp;eacute;tait masqu&amp;amp;eacute; d'une volige &amp;amp;eacute;troite au milieu de laquelle on avait&lt;br /&gt;
sci&amp;amp;eacute; un jour triangulaire, tout ensemble lucarne et vasistas quand la&lt;br /&gt;
porte &amp;amp;eacute;tait ferm&amp;amp;eacute;e. Sur le dedans de la porte un pinceau tremp&amp;amp;eacute; dans&lt;br /&gt;
l'encre avait trac&amp;amp;eacute; en deux coups de poing le chiffre 52, et au-dessus&lt;br /&gt;
de la volige le m&amp;amp;ecirc;me pinceau avait barbouill&amp;amp;eacute; le num&amp;amp;eacute;ro 50; de sorte&lt;br /&gt;
qu'on h&amp;amp;eacute;sitait. O&amp;amp;ugrave; est-on? Le dessus de la porte dit: au num&amp;amp;eacute;ro 50; le&lt;br /&gt;
dedans r&amp;amp;eacute;plique: non, au num&amp;amp;eacute;ro 52. On ne sait quels chiffons couleur de&lt;br /&gt;
poussi&amp;amp;egrave;re pendaient comme des draperies au vasistas triangulaire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
La fen&amp;amp;ecirc;tre &amp;amp;eacute;tait large, suffisamment &amp;amp;eacute;lev&amp;amp;eacute;e, garnie de persiennes et de&lt;br /&gt;
ch&amp;amp;acirc;ssis &amp;amp;agrave; grands carreaux; seulement ces grands carreaux avaient des&lt;br /&gt;
blessures vari&amp;amp;eacute;es, &amp;amp;agrave; la fois cach&amp;amp;eacute;es et trahies par un ing&amp;amp;eacute;nieux bandage&lt;br /&gt;
en papier, et les persiennes, disloqu&amp;amp;eacute;es et descell&amp;amp;eacute;es, mena&amp;amp;ccedil;aient&lt;br /&gt;
plut&amp;amp;ocirc;t les passants qu'elles ne gardaient les habitants. Les abat-jour&lt;br /&gt;
horizontaux y manquaient &amp;amp;ccedil;&amp;amp;agrave; et l&amp;amp;agrave; et &amp;amp;eacute;taient na&amp;amp;iuml;vement remplac&amp;amp;eacute;s par des&lt;br /&gt;
planches clou&amp;amp;eacute;es perpendiculairement; si bien que la chose commen&amp;amp;ccedil;ait en&lt;br /&gt;
persienne et finissait en volet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Cette porte qui avait l'air immonde et cette fen&amp;amp;ecirc;tre qui avait l'air&lt;br /&gt;
honn&amp;amp;ecirc;te, quoique d&amp;amp;eacute;labr&amp;amp;eacute;e, ainsi vues sur la m&amp;amp;ecirc;me maison, faisaient&lt;br /&gt;
l'effet de deux mendiants d&amp;amp;eacute;pareill&amp;amp;eacute;s qui iraient ensemble et&lt;br /&gt;
marcheraient c&amp;amp;ocirc;te &amp;amp;agrave; c&amp;amp;ocirc;te avec deux mines diff&amp;amp;eacute;rentes sous les m&amp;amp;ecirc;mes&lt;br /&gt;
haillons, l'un ayant toujours &amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;eacute; un gueux, l'autre ayant &amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;eacute; un&lt;br /&gt;
gentilhomme.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
L'escalier menait &amp;amp;agrave; un corps de b&amp;amp;acirc;timent tr&amp;amp;egrave;s vaste qui ressemblait &amp;amp;agrave; un&lt;br /&gt;
hangar dont on aurait fait une maison. Ce b&amp;amp;acirc;timent avait pour tube&lt;br /&gt;
intestinal un long corridor sur lequel s'ouvraient, &amp;amp;agrave; droite et &amp;amp;agrave;&lt;br /&gt;
gauche, des esp&amp;amp;egrave;ces de compartiments de dimensions vari&amp;amp;eacute;es, &amp;amp;agrave; la rigueur&lt;br /&gt;
logeables et plut&amp;amp;ocirc;t semblables &amp;amp;agrave; des &amp;amp;eacute;choppes qu'&amp;amp;agrave; des cellules. Ces&lt;br /&gt;
chambres prenaient jour sur des terrains vagues des environs. Tout cela&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;eacute;tait obscur, f&amp;amp;acirc;cheux, blafard, m&amp;amp;eacute;lancolique, s&amp;amp;eacute;pulcral; travers&amp;amp;eacute;, selon&lt;br /&gt;
que les fentes &amp;amp;eacute;taient dans le toit ou dans la porte, par des rayons&lt;br /&gt;
froids ou par des bises glac&amp;amp;eacute;es. Une particularit&amp;amp;eacute; int&amp;amp;eacute;ressante et&lt;br /&gt;
pittoresque de ce genre d'habitation, c'est l'&amp;amp;eacute;normit&amp;amp;eacute; des araign&amp;amp;eacute;es.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;Agrave; gauche de la porte d'entr&amp;amp;eacute;e, sur le boulevard, &amp;amp;agrave; hauteur d'homme, une&lt;br /&gt;
lucarne qu'on avait mur&amp;amp;eacute;e faisait une niche carr&amp;amp;eacute;e pleine de pierres que&lt;br /&gt;
les enfants y jetaient en passant.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Une partie de ce b&amp;amp;acirc;timent a &amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;eacute; derni&amp;amp;egrave;rement d&amp;amp;eacute;molie. Ce qui en reste&lt;br /&gt;
aujourd'hui peut encore faire juger de ce qu'il a &amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;eacute;. Le tout, dans son&lt;br /&gt;
ensemble, n'a gu&amp;amp;egrave;re plus d'une centaine d'ann&amp;amp;eacute;es. Cent ans, c'est la&lt;br /&gt;
jeunesse d'une &amp;amp;eacute;glise et la vieillesse d'une maison. Il semble que le&lt;br /&gt;
logis de l'homme participe de sa bri&amp;amp;egrave;vet&amp;amp;eacute; et le logis de Dieu de son&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;eacute;ternit&amp;amp;eacute;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Les facteurs de la poste appelaient cette masure le num&amp;amp;eacute;ro 50-52; mais&lt;br /&gt;
elle &amp;amp;eacute;tait connue dans le quartier sous le nom de maison Gorbeau. Disons&lt;br /&gt;
d'o&amp;amp;ugrave; lui venait cette appellation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Les collecteurs de petits faits, qui se font des herbiers d'anecdotes et&lt;br /&gt;
qui piquent dans leur m&amp;amp;eacute;moire les dates fugaces avec une &amp;amp;eacute;pingle, savent&lt;br /&gt;
qu'il y avait &amp;amp;agrave; Paris, au si&amp;amp;egrave;cle dernier, vers 1770, deux procureurs au&lt;br /&gt;
Ch&amp;amp;acirc;telet, appel&amp;amp;eacute;s, l'un Corbeau, l'autre Renard. Deux noms pr&amp;amp;eacute;vus par La&lt;br /&gt;
Fontaine. L'occasion &amp;amp;eacute;tait trop belle pour que la basoche n'en f&amp;amp;icirc;t point&lt;br /&gt;
gorge chaude. Tout de suite la parodie courut, en vers quelque peu&lt;br /&gt;
boiteux, les galeries du Palais:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
''Ma&amp;amp;icirc;tre Corbeau, sur un dossier perch&amp;amp;eacute;,''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; ''Tenait dans son bec une saisie ex&amp;amp;eacute;cutoire;''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; ''Ma&amp;amp;icirc;tre Renard, par l'odeur all&amp;amp;eacute;ch&amp;amp;eacute;,''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; ''Lui fit &amp;amp;agrave; peu pr&amp;amp;egrave;s cette histoire:''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt; ''H&amp;amp;eacute; bonjour! etc.''&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Les deux honn&amp;amp;ecirc;tes praticiens, g&amp;amp;ecirc;n&amp;amp;eacute;s par les quolibets et contrari&amp;amp;eacute;s dans&lt;br /&gt;
leur port de t&amp;amp;ecirc;te par les &amp;amp;eacute;clats de rire qui les suivaient, r&amp;amp;eacute;solurent&lt;br /&gt;
de se d&amp;amp;eacute;barrasser de leurs noms et prirent le parti de s'adresser au&lt;br /&gt;
roi. La requ&amp;amp;ecirc;te fut pr&amp;amp;eacute;sent&amp;amp;eacute;e &amp;amp;agrave; Louis XV le jour m&amp;amp;ecirc;me o&amp;amp;ugrave; le nonce du&lt;br /&gt;
pape, d'un c&amp;amp;ocirc;t&amp;amp;eacute;, et le cardinal de La Roche-Aymon, de l'autre,&lt;br /&gt;
d&amp;amp;eacute;votement agenouill&amp;amp;eacute;s tous les deux, chauss&amp;amp;egrave;rent, en pr&amp;amp;eacute;sence de sa&lt;br /&gt;
majest&amp;amp;eacute;, chacun d'une pantoufle les deux pieds nus de madame Du Barry&lt;br /&gt;
sortant du lit. Le roi, qui riait, continua de rire, passa ga&amp;amp;icirc;ment des&lt;br /&gt;
deux &amp;amp;eacute;v&amp;amp;ecirc;ques aux deux procureurs, et fit &amp;amp;agrave; ces robins gr&amp;amp;acirc;ce de leurs&lt;br /&gt;
noms, ou &amp;amp;agrave; peu pr&amp;amp;egrave;s. Il fut permis, de par le roi, &amp;amp;agrave; ma&amp;amp;icirc;tre Corbeau&lt;br /&gt;
d'ajouter une queue &amp;amp;agrave; son initiale et de se nommer Gorbeau; ma&amp;amp;icirc;tre&lt;br /&gt;
Renard fut moins heureux, il ne put obtenir que de mettre un P devant&lt;br /&gt;
son R et de s'appeler Prenard; si bien que le deuxi&amp;amp;egrave;me nom n'&amp;amp;eacute;tait gu&amp;amp;egrave;re&lt;br /&gt;
moins ressemblant que le premier.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Or, selon la tradition locale, ce ma&amp;amp;icirc;tre Gorbeau avait &amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;eacute; propri&amp;amp;eacute;taire&lt;br /&gt;
de la b&amp;amp;acirc;tisse num&amp;amp;eacute;rot&amp;amp;eacute;e 50-52 boulevard de l'H&amp;amp;ocirc;pital. Il &amp;amp;eacute;tait m&amp;amp;ecirc;me&lt;br /&gt;
l'auteur de la fen&amp;amp;ecirc;tre monumentale. De l&amp;amp;agrave; &amp;amp;agrave; cette masure le nom de&lt;br /&gt;
maison Gorbeau.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Vis-&amp;amp;agrave;-vis le num&amp;amp;eacute;ro 50-52 se dresse, parmi les plantations du boulevard,&lt;br /&gt;
un grand orme aux trois quarts mort; presque en face s'ouvre la rue de&lt;br /&gt;
la barri&amp;amp;egrave;re des Gobelins, rue alors sans maisons, non pav&amp;amp;eacute;e, plant&amp;amp;eacute;e&lt;br /&gt;
d'arbres mal venus, verte ou fangeuse selon la saison, qui allait&lt;br /&gt;
aboutir carr&amp;amp;eacute;ment au mur d'enceinte de Paris. Une odeur de couperose&lt;br /&gt;
sort par bouff&amp;amp;eacute;es des toits d'une fabrique voisine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
La barri&amp;amp;egrave;re &amp;amp;eacute;tait tout pr&amp;amp;egrave;s. En 1823, le mur d'enceinte existait encore.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Cette barri&amp;amp;egrave;re elle-m&amp;amp;ecirc;me jetait dans l'esprit des figures funestes.&lt;br /&gt;
C'&amp;amp;eacute;tait le chemin de Bic&amp;amp;ecirc;tre. C'est par l&amp;amp;agrave; que, sous l'Empire et la&lt;br /&gt;
Restauration, rentraient &amp;amp;agrave; Paris les condamn&amp;amp;eacute;s &amp;amp;agrave; mort le jour de leur&lt;br /&gt;
ex&amp;amp;eacute;cution. C'est l&amp;amp;agrave; que fut commis vers 1829 ce myst&amp;amp;eacute;rieux assassinat&lt;br /&gt;
dit &amp;amp;laquo;de la barri&amp;amp;egrave;re de Fontainebleau&amp;amp;raquo; dont la justice n'a pu d&amp;amp;eacute;couvrir&lt;br /&gt;
les auteurs, probl&amp;amp;egrave;me fun&amp;amp;egrave;bre qui n'a pas &amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;eacute; &amp;amp;eacute;clairci, &amp;amp;eacute;nigme&lt;br /&gt;
effroyable qui n'a pas &amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;eacute; ouverte. Faites quelques pas, vous trouvez&lt;br /&gt;
cette fatale rue Croulebarbe o&amp;amp;ugrave; Ulbach poignarda la chevri&amp;amp;egrave;re d'Ivry au&lt;br /&gt;
bruit du tonnerre, comme dans un m&amp;amp;eacute;lodrame. Quelques pas encore, et vous&lt;br /&gt;
arrivez aux abominables ormes &amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;ecirc;t&amp;amp;eacute;s de la barri&amp;amp;egrave;re Saint-Jacques, cet&lt;br /&gt;
exp&amp;amp;eacute;dient des philanthropes cachant l'&amp;amp;eacute;chafaud, cette mesquine et&lt;br /&gt;
honteuse place de Gr&amp;amp;egrave;ve d'une soci&amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;eacute; boutiqui&amp;amp;egrave;re et bourgeoise, qui a&lt;br /&gt;
recul&amp;amp;eacute; devant la peine de mort, n'osant ni l'abolir avec grandeur, ni la&lt;br /&gt;
maintenir avec autorit&amp;amp;eacute;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Il y a trente-sept ans, en laissant &amp;amp;agrave; part cette place Saint-Jacques qui&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;eacute;tait comme pr&amp;amp;eacute;destin&amp;amp;eacute;e et qui a toujours &amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;eacute; horrible, le point le plus&lt;br /&gt;
morne peut-&amp;amp;ecirc;tre de tout ce morne boulevard &amp;amp;eacute;tait l'endroit, si peu&lt;br /&gt;
attrayant encore aujourd'hui, o&amp;amp;ugrave; l'on rencontrait la masure 50-52.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Les maisons bourgeoises n'ont commenc&amp;amp;eacute; &amp;amp;agrave; poindre l&amp;amp;agrave; que vingt-cinq ans&lt;br /&gt;
plus tard. Le lieu &amp;amp;eacute;tait morose. Aux id&amp;amp;eacute;es fun&amp;amp;egrave;bres qui vous y&lt;br /&gt;
saisissaient, on se sentait entre la Salp&amp;amp;ecirc;tri&amp;amp;egrave;re dont on entrevoyait le&lt;br /&gt;
d&amp;amp;ocirc;me et Bic&amp;amp;ecirc;tre dont on touchait la barri&amp;amp;egrave;re; c'est-&amp;amp;agrave;-dire entre la&lt;br /&gt;
folie de la femme et la folie de l'homme. Si loin que la vue p&amp;amp;ucirc;t&lt;br /&gt;
s'&amp;amp;eacute;tendre, on n'apercevait que les abattoirs, le mur d'enceinte et&lt;br /&gt;
quelques rares fa&amp;amp;ccedil;ades d'usines, pareilles &amp;amp;agrave; des casernes ou &amp;amp;agrave; des&lt;br /&gt;
monast&amp;amp;egrave;res; partout des baraques et des pl&amp;amp;acirc;tras, de vieux murs noirs&lt;br /&gt;
comme des linceuls, des murs neufs blancs comme des suaires; partout des&lt;br /&gt;
rang&amp;amp;eacute;es d'arbres parall&amp;amp;egrave;les, des b&amp;amp;acirc;tisses tir&amp;amp;eacute;es au cordeau, des&lt;br /&gt;
constructions plates, de longues lignes froides, et la tristesse lugubre&lt;br /&gt;
des angles droits. Pas un accident de terrain, pas un caprice&lt;br /&gt;
d'architecture, pas un pli. C'&amp;amp;eacute;tait un ensemble glacial, r&amp;amp;eacute;gulier,&lt;br /&gt;
hideux. Rien ne serre le c&amp;amp;oelig;ur comme la sym&amp;amp;eacute;trie. C'est que la sym&amp;amp;eacute;trie,&lt;br /&gt;
c'est l'ennui, et l'ennui est le fond m&amp;amp;ecirc;me du deuil. Le d&amp;amp;eacute;sespoir&lt;br /&gt;
b&amp;amp;acirc;ille. On peut r&amp;amp;ecirc;ver quelque chose de plus terrible qu'un enfer o&amp;amp;ugrave; l'on&lt;br /&gt;
souffre, c'est un enfer o&amp;amp;ugrave; l'on s'ennuierait. Si cet enfer existait, ce&lt;br /&gt;
morceau du boulevard de l'H&amp;amp;ocirc;pital en e&amp;amp;ucirc;t pu &amp;amp;ecirc;tre l'avenue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Cependant, &amp;amp;agrave; la nuit tombante, au moment o&amp;amp;ugrave; la clart&amp;amp;eacute; s'en va, l'hiver&lt;br /&gt;
surtout, &amp;amp;agrave; l'heure o&amp;amp;ugrave; la bise cr&amp;amp;eacute;pusculaire arrache aux ormes leurs&lt;br /&gt;
derni&amp;amp;egrave;res feuilles rousses, quand l'ombre est profonde et sans &amp;amp;eacute;toiles,&lt;br /&gt;
ou quand la lune et le vent font des trous dans les nuages, ce boulevard&lt;br /&gt;
devenait tout &amp;amp;agrave; coup effrayant. Les lignes droites s'enfon&amp;amp;ccedil;aient et se&lt;br /&gt;
perdaient dans les t&amp;amp;eacute;n&amp;amp;egrave;bres comme des tron&amp;amp;ccedil;ons de l'infini. Le passant&lt;br /&gt;
ne pouvait s'emp&amp;amp;ecirc;cher de songer aux innombrables traditions patibulaires&lt;br /&gt;
du lieu. La solitude de cet endroit o&amp;amp;ugrave; il s'&amp;amp;eacute;tait commis tant de crimes&lt;br /&gt;
avait quelque chose d'affreux. On croyait pressentir des pi&amp;amp;egrave;ges dans&lt;br /&gt;
cette obscurit&amp;amp;eacute;, toutes les formes confuses de l'ombre paraissaient&lt;br /&gt;
suspectes, et les longs creux carr&amp;amp;eacute;s qu'on apercevait entre chaque arbre&lt;br /&gt;
semblaient des fosses. Le jour, c'&amp;amp;eacute;tait laid; le soir, c'&amp;amp;eacute;tait lugubre;&lt;br /&gt;
la nuit, c'&amp;amp;eacute;tait sinistre.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
L'&amp;amp;eacute;t&amp;amp;eacute;, au cr&amp;amp;eacute;puscule, on voyait &amp;amp;ccedil;&amp;amp;agrave; et l&amp;amp;agrave; quelques vieilles femmes,&lt;br /&gt;
assises au pied des ormes sur des bancs moisis par les pluies. Ces&lt;br /&gt;
bonnes vieilles mendiaient volontiers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Du reste ce quartier, qui avait plut&amp;amp;ocirc;t l'air surann&amp;amp;eacute; qu'antique, tendait&lt;br /&gt;
d&amp;amp;egrave;s lors &amp;amp;agrave; se transformer. D&amp;amp;egrave;s cette &amp;amp;eacute;poque, qui voulait le voir devait&lt;br /&gt;
se h&amp;amp;acirc;ter. Chaque jour quelque d&amp;amp;eacute;tail de cet ensemble s'en allait.&lt;br /&gt;
Aujourd'hui, et depuis vingt ans, l'embarcad&amp;amp;egrave;re du chemin de fer&lt;br /&gt;
d'Orl&amp;amp;eacute;ans est l&amp;amp;agrave;, &amp;amp;agrave; c&amp;amp;ocirc;t&amp;amp;eacute; du vieux faubourg, et le travaille. Partout o&amp;amp;ugrave;&lt;br /&gt;
l'on place, sur la lisi&amp;amp;egrave;re d'une capitale, l'embarcad&amp;amp;egrave;re d'un chemin de&lt;br /&gt;
fer, c'est la mort d'un faubourg et la naissance d'une ville. Il semble&lt;br /&gt;
qu'autour de ces grands centres du mouvement des peuples, au roulement&lt;br /&gt;
de ces puissantes machines, au souffle de ces monstrueux chevaux de la&lt;br /&gt;
civilisation qui mangent du charbon et vomissent du feu, la terre pleine&lt;br /&gt;
de germes tremble et s'ouvre pour engloutir les anciennes demeures des&lt;br /&gt;
hommes et laisser sortir les nouvelles. Les vieilles maisons croulent,&lt;br /&gt;
les maisons neuves montent.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Depuis que la gare du railway d'Orl&amp;amp;eacute;ans a envahi les terrains de la&lt;br /&gt;
Salp&amp;amp;ecirc;tri&amp;amp;egrave;re, les antiques rues &amp;amp;eacute;troites qui avoisinent les foss&amp;amp;eacute;s&lt;br /&gt;
Saint-Victor et le Jardin des Plantes s'&amp;amp;eacute;branlent, violemment travers&amp;amp;eacute;es&lt;br /&gt;
trois ou quatre fois chaque jour par ces courants de diligences, de&lt;br /&gt;
fiacres et d'omnibus qui, dans un temps donn&amp;amp;eacute;, refoulent les maisons &amp;amp;agrave;&lt;br /&gt;
droite et &amp;amp;agrave; gauche; car il y a des choses bizarres &amp;amp;agrave; &amp;amp;eacute;noncer qui sont&lt;br /&gt;
rigoureusement exactes, et de m&amp;amp;ecirc;me qu'il est vrai de dire que dans les&lt;br /&gt;
grandes villes le soleil fait v&amp;amp;eacute;g&amp;amp;eacute;ter et cro&amp;amp;icirc;tre les fa&amp;amp;ccedil;ades des maisons&lt;br /&gt;
au midi, il est certain que le passage fr&amp;amp;eacute;quent des voitures &amp;amp;eacute;largit les&lt;br /&gt;
rues. Les sympt&amp;amp;ocirc;mes d'une vie nouvelle sont &amp;amp;eacute;vidents. Dans ce vieux&lt;br /&gt;
quartier provincial, aux recoins les plus sauvages, le pav&amp;amp;eacute; se montre,&lt;br /&gt;
les trottoirs commencent &amp;amp;agrave; ramper et &amp;amp;agrave; s'allonger, m&amp;amp;ecirc;me l&amp;amp;agrave; o&amp;amp;ugrave; il n'y a&lt;br /&gt;
pas encore de passants. Un matin, matin m&amp;amp;eacute;morable, en juillet 1845, on y&lt;br /&gt;
vit tout &amp;amp;agrave; coup fumer les marmites noires du bitume; ce jour-l&amp;amp;agrave; on put&lt;br /&gt;
dire que la civilisation &amp;amp;eacute;tait arriv&amp;amp;eacute;e rue de Lourcine et que Paris&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp;eacute;tait entr&amp;amp;eacute; dans le faubourg Saint-Marceau.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
==English text==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Forty years ago, a rambler who had ventured into that unknown country of&lt;br /&gt;
the Salpetriere, and who had mounted to the Barriere d'Italie by way of&lt;br /&gt;
the boulevard, reached a point where it might be said that Paris&lt;br /&gt;
disappeared. It was no longer solitude, for there were passers-by; it was&lt;br /&gt;
not the country, for there were houses and streets; it was not the city,&lt;br /&gt;
for the streets had ruts like highways, and the grass grew in them; it was&lt;br /&gt;
not a village, the houses were too lofty. What was it, then? It was an&lt;br /&gt;
inhabited spot where there was no one; it was a desert place where there&lt;br /&gt;
was some one; it was a boulevard of the great city, a street of Paris;&lt;br /&gt;
more wild at night than the forest, more gloomy by day than a cemetery.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
It was the old quarter of the Marche-aux-Chevaux.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The rambler, if he risked himself outside the four decrepit walls of this&lt;br /&gt;
Marche-aux-Chevaux; if he consented even to pass beyond the Rue du&lt;br /&gt;
Petit-Banquier, after leaving on his right a garden protected by high&lt;br /&gt;
walls; then a field in which tan-bark mills rose like gigantic beaver&lt;br /&gt;
huts; then an enclosure encumbered with timber, with a heap of stumps,&lt;br /&gt;
sawdust, and shavings, on which stood a large dog, barking; then a long,&lt;br /&gt;
low, utterly dilapidated wall, with a little black door in mourning, laden&lt;br /&gt;
with mosses, which were covered with flowers in the spring; then, in the&lt;br /&gt;
most deserted spot, a frightful and decrepit building, on which ran the&lt;br /&gt;
inscription in large letters: POST NO BILLS,&amp;amp;mdash;this daring rambler&lt;br /&gt;
would have reached little known latitudes at the corner of the Rue des&lt;br /&gt;
Vignes-Saint-Marcel. There, near a factory, and between two garden walls,&lt;br /&gt;
there could be seen, at that epoch, a mean building, which, at the first&lt;br /&gt;
glance, seemed as small as a thatched hovel, and which was, in reality, as&lt;br /&gt;
large as a cathedral. It presented its side and gable to the public road;&lt;br /&gt;
hence its apparent diminutiveness. Nearly the whole of the house was&lt;br /&gt;
hidden. Only the door and one window could be seen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
This hovel was only one story high.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The first detail that struck the observer was, that the door could never&lt;br /&gt;
have been anything but the door of a hovel, while the window, if it had&lt;br /&gt;
been carved out of dressed stone instead of being in rough masonry, might&lt;br /&gt;
have been the lattice of a lordly mansion.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The door was nothing but a collection of worm-eaten planks roughly bound&lt;br /&gt;
together by cross-beams which resembled roughly hewn logs. It opened&lt;br /&gt;
directly on a steep staircase of lofty steps, muddy, chalky,&lt;br /&gt;
plaster-stained, dusty steps, of the same width as itself, which could be&lt;br /&gt;
seen from the street, running straight up like a ladder and disappearing&lt;br /&gt;
in the darkness between two walls. The top of the shapeless bay into which&lt;br /&gt;
this door shut was masked by a narrow scantling in the centre of which a&lt;br /&gt;
triangular hole had been sawed, which served both as wicket and air-hole&lt;br /&gt;
when the door was closed. On the inside of the door the figures 52 had&lt;br /&gt;
been traced with a couple of strokes of a brush dipped in ink, and above&lt;br /&gt;
the scantling the same hand had daubed the number 50, so that one&lt;br /&gt;
hesitated. Where was one? Above the door it said, &amp;quot;Number 50&amp;quot;; the inside&lt;br /&gt;
replied, &amp;quot;no, Number 52.&amp;quot; No one knows what dust-colored figures were&lt;br /&gt;
suspended like draperies from the triangular opening.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The window was large, sufficiently elevated, garnished with Venetian&lt;br /&gt;
blinds, and with a frame in large square panes; only these large panes&lt;br /&gt;
were suffering from various wounds, which were both concealed and betrayed&lt;br /&gt;
by an ingenious paper bandage. And the blinds, dislocated and unpasted,&lt;br /&gt;
threatened passers-by rather than screened the occupants. The horizontal&lt;br /&gt;
slats were missing here and there and had been naively replaced with&lt;br /&gt;
boards nailed on perpendicularly; so that what began as a blind ended as a&lt;br /&gt;
shutter. This door with an unclean, and this window with an honest though&lt;br /&gt;
dilapidated air, thus beheld on the same house, produced the effect of two&lt;br /&gt;
incomplete beggars walking side by side, with different miens beneath the&lt;br /&gt;
same rags, the one having always been a mendicant, and the other having&lt;br /&gt;
once been a gentleman.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The staircase led to a very vast edifice which resembled a shed which had&lt;br /&gt;
been converted into a house. This edifice had, for its intestinal tube, a&lt;br /&gt;
long corridor, on which opened to right and left sorts of compartments of&lt;br /&gt;
varied dimensions which were inhabitable under stress of circumstances,&lt;br /&gt;
and rather more like stalls than cells. These chambers received their&lt;br /&gt;
light from the vague waste grounds in the neighborhood.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
All this was dark, disagreeable, wan, melancholy, sepulchral; traversed&lt;br /&gt;
according as the crevices lay in the roof or in the door, by cold rays or&lt;br /&gt;
by icy winds. An interesting and picturesque peculiarity of this sort of&lt;br /&gt;
dwelling is the enormous size of the spiders.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
To the left of the entrance door, on the boulevard side, at about the&lt;br /&gt;
height of a man from the ground, a small window which had been walled up&lt;br /&gt;
formed a square niche full of stones which the children had thrown there&lt;br /&gt;
as they passed by.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
A portion of this building has recently been demolished. From what still&lt;br /&gt;
remains of it one can form a judgment as to what it was in former days. As&lt;br /&gt;
a whole, it was not over a hundred years old. A hundred years is youth in&lt;br /&gt;
a church and age in a house. It seems as though man's lodging partook of&lt;br /&gt;
his ephemeral character, and God's house of his eternity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The postmen called the house Number 50-52; but it was known in the&lt;br /&gt;
neighborhood as the Gorbeau house.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Let us explain whence this appellation was derived.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Collectors of petty details, who become herbalists of anecdotes, and prick&lt;br /&gt;
slippery dates into their memories with a pin, know that there was in&lt;br /&gt;
Paris, during the last century, about 1770, two attorneys at the Chatelet&lt;br /&gt;
named, one Corbeau (Raven), the other Renard (Fox). The two names had been&lt;br /&gt;
forestalled by La Fontaine. The opportunity was too fine for the lawyers;&lt;br /&gt;
they made the most of it. A parody was immediately put in circulation in&lt;br /&gt;
the galleries of the court-house, in verses that limped a little:&amp;amp;mdash;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
         Maître Corbeau, sur un dossier perché,[[13]]&lt;br /&gt;
              Tenait dans son bec une saisie exécutoire;&lt;br /&gt;
         Maître Renard, par l'odeur alléché,&lt;br /&gt;
              Lui fit à peu près cette histoire:&lt;br /&gt;
                   Hé! bonjour.  Etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The two honest practitioners, embarrassed by the jests, and finding the&lt;br /&gt;
bearing of their heads interfered with by the shouts of laughter which&lt;br /&gt;
followed them, resolved to get rid of their names, and hit upon the&lt;br /&gt;
expedient of applying to the king.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Their petition was presented to Louis XV. on the same day when the Papal&lt;br /&gt;
Nuncio, on the one hand, and the Cardinal de la Roche-Aymon on the other,&lt;br /&gt;
both devoutly kneeling, were each engaged in putting on, in his Majesty's&lt;br /&gt;
presence, a slipper on the bare feet of Madame du Barry, who had just got&lt;br /&gt;
out of bed. The king, who was laughing, continued to laugh, passed gayly&lt;br /&gt;
from the two bishops to the two lawyers, and bestowed on these limbs of&lt;br /&gt;
the law their former names, or nearly so. By the kings command, Maitre&lt;br /&gt;
Corbeau was permitted to add a tail to his initial letter and to call&lt;br /&gt;
himself Gorbeau. Maitre Renard was less lucky; all he obtained was leave&lt;br /&gt;
to place a P in front of his R, and to call himself Prenard; so that the&lt;br /&gt;
second name bore almost as much resemblance as the first.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Now, according to local tradition, this Maitre Gorbeau had been the&lt;br /&gt;
proprietor of the building numbered 50-52 on the Boulevard de l'Hopital.&lt;br /&gt;
He was even the author of the monumental window.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Hence the edifice bore the name of the Gorbeau house.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Opposite this house, among the trees of the boulevard, rose a great elm&lt;br /&gt;
which was three-quarters dead; almost directly facing it opens the Rue de&lt;br /&gt;
la Barrière des Gobelins, a street then without houses, unpaved, planted&lt;br /&gt;
with unhealthy trees, which was green or muddy according to the season,&lt;br /&gt;
and which ended squarely in the exterior wall of Paris. An odor of&lt;br /&gt;
copperas issued in puffs from the roofs of the neighboring factory.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
The barrier was close at hand. In 1823 the city wall was still in&lt;br /&gt;
existence.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
This barrier itself evoked gloomy fancies in the mind. It was the road to&lt;br /&gt;
Bicêtre. It was through it that, under the Empire and the Restoration,&lt;br /&gt;
prisoners condemned to death re-entered Paris on the day of their&lt;br /&gt;
execution. It was there, that, about 1829, was committed that mysterious&lt;br /&gt;
assassination, called &amp;quot;The assassination of the Fontainebleau barrier,&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
whose authors justice was never able to discover; a melancholy problem&lt;br /&gt;
which has never been elucidated, a frightful enigma which has never been&lt;br /&gt;
unriddled. Take a few steps, and you come upon that fatal Rue Croulebarbe,&lt;br /&gt;
where Ulbach stabbed the goat-girl of Ivry to the sound of thunder, as in&lt;br /&gt;
the melodramas. A few paces more, and you arrive at the abominable&lt;br /&gt;
pollarded elms of the Barriere Saint-Jacques, that expedient of the&lt;br /&gt;
philanthropist to conceal the scaffold, that miserable and shameful Place&lt;br /&gt;
de Grove of a shop-keeping and bourgeois society, which recoiled before&lt;br /&gt;
the death penalty, neither daring to abolish it with grandeur, nor to&lt;br /&gt;
uphold it with authority.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Leaving aside this Place Saint-Jacques, which was, as it were,&lt;br /&gt;
predestined, and which has always been horrible, probably the most&lt;br /&gt;
mournful spot on that mournful boulevard, seven and thirty years ago, was&lt;br /&gt;
the spot which even to-day is so unattractive, where stood the building&lt;br /&gt;
Number 50-52.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Bourgeois houses only began to spring up there twenty-five years later.&lt;br /&gt;
The place was unpleasant. In addition to the gloomy thoughts which&lt;br /&gt;
assailed one there, one was conscious of being between the Salpetriere, a&lt;br /&gt;
glimpse of whose dome could be seen, and Bicêtre, whose outskirts one was&lt;br /&gt;
fairly touching; that is to say, between the madness of women and the&lt;br /&gt;
madness of men. As far as the eye could see, one could perceive nothing&lt;br /&gt;
but the abattoirs, the city wall, and the fronts of a few factories,&lt;br /&gt;
resembling barracks or monasteries; everywhere about stood hovels,&lt;br /&gt;
rubbish, ancient walls blackened like cerecloths, new white walls like&lt;br /&gt;
winding-sheets; everywhere parallel rows of trees, buildings erected on a&lt;br /&gt;
line, flat constructions, long, cold rows, and the melancholy sadness of&lt;br /&gt;
right angles. Not an unevenness of the ground, not a caprice in the&lt;br /&gt;
architecture, not a fold. The ensemble was glacial, regular, hideous.&lt;br /&gt;
Nothing oppresses the heart like symmetry. It is because symmetry is&lt;br /&gt;
ennui, and ennui is at the very foundation of grief. Despair yawns.&lt;br /&gt;
Something more terrible than a hell where one suffers may be imagined, and&lt;br /&gt;
that is a hell where one is bored. If such a hell existed, that bit of the&lt;br /&gt;
Boulevard de l'Hopital might have formed the entrance to it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Nevertheless, at nightfall, at the moment when the daylight is vanishing,&lt;br /&gt;
especially in winter, at the hour when the twilight breeze tears from the&lt;br /&gt;
elms their last russet leaves, when the darkness is deep and starless, or&lt;br /&gt;
when the moon and the wind are making openings in the clouds and losing&lt;br /&gt;
themselves in the shadows, this boulevard suddenly becomes frightful. The&lt;br /&gt;
black lines sink inwards and are lost in the shades, like morsels of the&lt;br /&gt;
infinite. The passer-by cannot refrain from recalling the innumerable&lt;br /&gt;
traditions of the place which are connected with the gibbet. The solitude&lt;br /&gt;
of this spot, where so many crimes have been committed, had something&lt;br /&gt;
terrible about it. One almost had a presentiment of meeting with traps in&lt;br /&gt;
that darkness; all the confused forms of the darkness seemed suspicious,&lt;br /&gt;
and the long, hollow square, of which one caught a glimpse between each&lt;br /&gt;
tree, seemed graves: by day it was ugly; in the evening melancholy; by&lt;br /&gt;
night it was sinister.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
In summer, at twilight, one saw, here and there, a few old women seated at&lt;br /&gt;
the foot of the elm, on benches mouldy with rain. These good old women&lt;br /&gt;
were fond of begging.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
However, this quarter, which had a superannuated rather than an antique&lt;br /&gt;
air, was tending even then to transformation. Even at that time any one&lt;br /&gt;
who was desirous of seeing it had to make haste. Each day some detail of&lt;br /&gt;
the whole effect was disappearing. For the last twenty years the station&lt;br /&gt;
of the Orleans railway has stood beside the old faubourg and distracted&lt;br /&gt;
it, as it does to-day. Wherever it is placed on the borders of a capital,&lt;br /&gt;
a railway station is the death of a suburb and the birth of a city. It&lt;br /&gt;
seems as though, around these great centres of the movements of a people,&lt;br /&gt;
the earth, full of germs, trembled and yawned, to engulf the ancient&lt;br /&gt;
dwellings of men and to allow new ones to spring forth, at the rattle of&lt;br /&gt;
these powerful machines, at the breath of these monstrous horses of&lt;br /&gt;
civilization which devour coal and vomit fire. The old houses crumble and&lt;br /&gt;
new ones rise.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Since the Orleans railway has invaded the region of the Salpetriere, the&lt;br /&gt;
ancient, narrow streets which adjoin the moats Saint-Victor and the Jardin&lt;br /&gt;
des Plantes tremble, as they are violently traversed three or four times&lt;br /&gt;
each day by those currents of coach fiacres and omnibuses which, in a&lt;br /&gt;
given time, crowd back the houses to the right and the left; for there are&lt;br /&gt;
things which are odd when said that are rigorously exact; and just as it&lt;br /&gt;
is true to say that in large cities the sun makes the southern fronts of&lt;br /&gt;
houses to vegetate and grow, it is certain that the frequent passage of&lt;br /&gt;
vehicles enlarges streets. The symptoms of a new life are evident. In this&lt;br /&gt;
old provincial quarter, in the wildest nooks, the pavement shows itself,&lt;br /&gt;
the sidewalks begin to crawl and to grow longer, even where there are as&lt;br /&gt;
yet no pedestrians. One morning,&amp;amp;mdash;a memorable morning in July, 1845,&amp;amp;mdash;black&lt;br /&gt;
pots of bitumen were seen smoking there; on that day it might be said that&lt;br /&gt;
civilization had arrived in the Rue de l'Ourcine, and that Paris had&lt;br /&gt;
entered the suburb of Saint-Marceau.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Translation notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Textual notes==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Citations==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Historymaker</name></author>
		
	</entry>
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