Volume 1/Book 1/Chapter 2 - Revision history

70.88.128.113 at 22:00, 26 March 2014

2014-03-26T22:00:19Z

70.88.128.113: /* Textual notes */

2014-03-26T21:55:38Z

‎Textual notes

70.88.128.113: /* Council of Five Hundred... 18th Brumaire... Bigot de Préameneau */

2014-03-26T21:55:00Z

‎Council of Five Hundred... 18th Brumaire... Bigot de Préameneau

Human-ithink: /* the allowance which the department owes him */

2014-03-03T22:19:56Z

‎the allowance which the department owes him

Marianne at 12:44, 2 March 2014

2014-03-02T12:44:44Z

Marianne at 09:09, 2 March 2014

2014-03-02T09:09:07Z

Marianne at 13:20, 1 March 2014

2014-03-01T13:20:14Z

Marianne at 12:14, 1 March 2014

2014-03-01T12:14:35Z

Marianne at 04:52, 18 November 2013

2013-11-18T04:52:47Z

Marianne: Created page with "Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book 1: A Just Man, Chapter 2: M. Myriel Becomes M. Welcome ==General notes on this chapter== ==French text== Le palais épiscopal..."

2013-11-18T04:52:07Z

Created page with "Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book 1: A Just Man, Chapter 2: M. Myriel Becomes M. Welcome ==General notes on this chapter== ==French text== Le palais épiscopal..."

New page

Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book 1: A Just Man, Chapter 2: M. Myriel Becomes M. Welcome

==General notes on this chapter==

==French text==

Le palais épiscopal de Digne était attenant à l'hôpital.

Le palais épiscopal était un vaste et bel hôtel bâti en pierre au
commencement du siècle dernier par monseigneur Henri Puget, docteur en
théologie de la faculté de Paris, abbé de Simore, lequel était évêque de
Digne en 1712. Ce palais était un vrai logis seigneurial. Tout y avait
grand air, les appartements de l'évêque, les salons, les chambres, la
cour d'honneur, fort large, avec promenoirs à arcades, selon l'ancienne
mode florentine, les jardins plantés de magnifiques arbres. Dans la
salle à manger, longue et superbe galerie qui était au rez-de-chaussée
et s'ouvrait sur les jardins, monseigneur Henri Puget avait donné à
manger en cérémonie le 29 juillet 1714 à messeigneurs Charles Brûlart de
Genlis, archevêque-prince d'Embrun, Antoine de Mesgrigny, capucin,
évêque de Grasse, Philippe de Vendôme, grand prieur de France, abbé de
Saint-Honoré de Lérins, François de Berton de Grillon, évêque-baron de
Vence, César de Sabran de Forcalquier, évêque-seigneur de Glandève, et
Jean Soanen, prêtre de l'oratoire, prédicateur ordinaire du roi,
évêque-seigneur de Senez. Les portraits de ces sept révérends
personnages décoraient cette salle, et cette date mémorable, 29 juillet
1714, y était gravée en lettres d'or sur une table de marbre blanc.

L'hôpital était une maison étroite et basse à un seul étage avec un
petit jardin. Trois jours après son arrivée, l'évêque visita l'hôpital.
La visite terminée, il fit prier le directeur de vouloir bien venir
jusque chez lui.

—Monsieur le directeur de l'hôpital, lui dit-il, combien en ce moment
avez-vous de malades?

—Vingt-six, monseigneur.

—C'est ce que j'avais compté, dit l'évêque.

—Les lits, reprit le directeur, sont bien serrés les uns contre les
autres.

—C'est ce que j'avais remarqué.

—Les salles ne sont que des chambres, et l'air s'y renouvelle
difficilement.

—C'est ce qui me semble.

—Et puis, quand il y a un rayon de soleil, le jardin est bien petit
pour les convalescents.

—C'est ce que je me disais.

—Dans les épidémies, nous avons eu cette année le typhus, nous avons eu
une suette militaire il y a deux ans, cent malades quelquefois; nous ne
savons que faire.

—C'est la pensée qui m'était venue.

—Que voulez-vous, monseigneur? dit le directeur, il faut se résigner.

Cette conversation avait lieu dans la salle à manger-galerie du
rez-de-chaussée. L'évêque garda un moment le silence, puis il se tourna
brusquement vers le directeur de l'hôpital:

—Monsieur, dit-il, combien pensez-vous qu'il tiendrait de lits rien que
dans cette salle?

—La salle à manger de monseigneur! s'écria le directeur stupéfait.

L'évêque parcourait la salle du regard et semblait y faire avec les yeux
des mesures et des calculs.

—Il y tiendrait bien vingt lits! dit-il, comme se parlant à lui-même.

Puis élevant la voix:

—Tenez, monsieur le directeur de l'hôpital, je vais vous dire. Il y a
évidemment une erreur. Vous êtes vingt-six personnes dans cinq ou six
petites chambres. Nous sommes trois ici, et nous avons place pour
soixante. Il y a erreur, je vous dis. Vous avez mon logis, et j'ai le
vôtre. Rendez-moi ma maison. C'est ici chez vous.

Le lendemain, les vingt-six pauvres étaient installés dans le palais de
l'évêque et l'évêque était à l'hôpital.

M. Myriel n'avait point de bien, sa famille ayant été ruinée par la
révolution. Sa s&oelig;ur touchait une rente viagère de cinq cents francs
qui, au presbytère, suffisait à sa dépense personnelle. M. Myriel
recevait de l'état comme évêque un traitement de quinze mille francs. Le
jour même où il vint se loger dans la maison de l'hôpital, M. Myriel
détermina l'emploi de cette somme une fois pour toutes de la manière
suivante. Nous transcrivons ici une note écrite de sa main.

''Note pour régler les dépenses de ma maison.'' ''Pour le petit séminaire: quinze cents livres'' ''Congrégation de la mission: cent livres'' ''Pour les lazaristes de Montdidier: cent livres'' ''Séminaire des missions étrangères à Paris: deux cents livres'' ''Congrégation du Saint-Esprit: cent cinquante livres'' ''Établissements religieux de la Terre-Sainte: cent livres'' ''Sociétés de charité maternelle: trois cents livres'' ''En sus, pour celle d'Arles: cinquante livres'' ''OEuvre pour l'amélioration des prisons: quatre cents livres'' ''OEuvre pour le soulagement et la délivrance des prisonniers: cinq cents livres'' ''Pour libérer des pères de famille prisonniers pour dettes: mille livres'' ''Supplément au traitement des pauvres maîtres d'école du diocèse: deux mille livres'' ''Grenier d'abondance des Hautes-Alpes: cent livres'' ''Congrégation des dames de Digne, de Manosque et de Sisteron, pour l'enseignement gratuit des filles indigentes: quinze cents livres'' ''Pour les pauvres: six mille livres'' ''Ma dépense personnelle: mille livres'' 
Total: ''quinze mille livres'' 

Pendant tout le temps qu'il occupa le siège de Digne, M. Myriel ne
changea presque rien à cet arrangement. Il appelait cela, comme on voit,
''avoir réglé les dépenses de sa maison''.

Cet arrangement fut accepté avec une soumission absolue par mademoiselle
Baptistine. Pour cette sainte fille, M. de Digne était tout à la fois
son frère et son évêque, son ami selon la nature et son supérieur selon
l'église. Elle l'aimait et elle le vénérait tout simplement. Quand il
parlait, elle s'inclinait; quand il agissait, elle adhérait. La servante
seule, madame Magloire, murmura un peu. M. l'évêque, on l'a pu
remarquer, ne s'était réservé que mille livres, ce qui, joint à la
pension de mademoiselle Baptistine, faisait quinze cents francs par an.
Avec ces quinze cents francs, ces deux vieilles femmes et ce vieillard
vivaient.

Et quand un curé de village venait à Digne, M. l'évêque trouvait encore
moyen de le traiter, grâce à la sévère économie de madame Magloire et à
l'intelligente administration de mademoiselle Baptistine.

Un jour—il était à Digne depuis environ trois mois—l'évêque dit:

—Avec tout cela je suis bien gêné!

—Je le crois bien! s'écria madame Magloire, Monseigneur n'a seulement
pas réclamé la rente que le département lui doit pour ses frais de
carrosse en ville et de tournées dans le diocèse. Pour les évêques
d'autrefois c'était l'usage.

—Tiens! dit l'évêque, vous avez raison, madame Magloire.

Il fit sa réclamation.

Quelque temps après, le conseil général, prenant cette demande en
considération, lui vota une somme annuelle de trois mille francs, sous
cette rubrique: ''Allocation à M. l'évêque pour frais de carrosse, frais
de poste et frais de tournées pastorales''.

Cela fit beaucoup crier la bourgeoisie locale, et, à cette occasion, un
sénateur de l'empire, ancien membre du conseil des cinq-cents favorable
au dix-huit brumaire et pourvu près de la ville de Digne d'une
sénatorerie magnifique, écrivit au ministre des cultes, M. Bigot de
Préameneu, un petit billet irrité et confidentiel dont nous extrayons
ces lignes authentiques:

«—Des frais de carrosse? pourquoi faire dans une ville de moins de
quatre mille habitants? Des frais de poste et de tournées? à quoi bon
ces tournées d'abord? ensuite comment courir la poste dans un pays de
montagnes? Il n'y a pas de routes. On ne va qu'à cheval. Le pont même de
la Durance à Château-Arnoux peut à peine porter des charrettes à b&oelig;ufs.
Ces prêtres sont tous ainsi. Avides et avares. Celui-ci a fait le bon
apôtre en arrivant. Maintenant il fait comme les autres. Il lui faut
carrosse et chaise de poste. Il lui faut du luxe comme aux anciens
évêques. Oh! toute cette prêtraille! Monsieur le comte, les choses
n'iront bien que lorsque l'empereur nous aura délivrés des calotins. À
bas le pape! (les affaires se brouillaient avec Rome). Quant à moi, je
suis pour César tout seul. Etc., etc.»

La chose, en revanche, réjouit fort madame Magloire.

—Bon, dit-elle à mademoiselle Baptistine, Monseigneur a commencé par
les autres, mais il a bien fallu qu'il finît par lui-même. Il a réglé
toutes ses charités. Voilà trois mille livres pour nous. Enfin!

Le soir même, l'évêque écrivit et remit à sa s&oelig;ur une note ainsi
conçue:

''Frais de carrosse et de tournées.'' ''Pour donner du bouillon de viande aux malades de l'hôpital: quinze cents livres'' ''Pour la société de charité maternelle d'Aix: deux cent cinquante livres'' ''Pour la société de charité maternelle de Draguignan: deux cent cinquante 
livres'' ''Pour les enfants trouvés: cinq cents livres'' ''Pour les orphelins: cinq cents livres'' 
Total: ''trois mille livres'' 

Tel était le budget de M. Myriel.

Quant au casuel épiscopal, rachats de bans, dispenses, ondoiements,
prédications, bénédictions d'églises ou de chapelles, mariages, etc.,
l'évêque le percevait sur les riches avec d'autant plus d'âpreté qu'il
le donnait aux pauvres.

Au bout de peu de temps, les offrandes d'argent affluèrent. Ceux qui ont
et ceux qui manquent frappaient à la porte de M. Myriel, les uns venant
chercher l'aumône que les autres venaient y déposer. L'évêque, en moins
d'un an, devint le trésorier de tous les bienfaits et le caissier de
toutes les détresses. Des sommes considérables passaient par ses mains;
mais rien ne put faire qu'il changeât quelque chose à son genre de vie
et qu'il ajoutât le moindre superflu à son nécessaire.

Loin de là. Comme il y a toujours encore plus de misère en bas que de
fraternité en haut, tout était donné, pour ainsi dire, avant d'être
reçu; c'était comme de l'eau sur une terre sèche; il avait beau recevoir
de l'argent, il n'en avait jamais. Alors il se dépouillait.

L'usage étant que les évêques énoncent leurs noms de baptême en tête de
leurs mandements et de leurs lettres pastorales, les pauvres gens du
pays avaient choisi, avec une sorte d'instinct affectueux, dans les noms
et prénoms de l'évêque, celui qui leur présentait un sens, et ils ne
l'appelaient que monseigneur Bienvenu. Nous ferons comme eux, et nous le
nommerons ainsi dans l'occasion. Du reste, cette appellation lui
plaisait.

—J'aime ce nom-là, disait-il. Bienvenu corrige monseigneur.

Nous ne prétendons pas que le portrait que nous faisons ici soit
vraisemblable; nous nous bornons à dire qu'il est ressemblant.

==English text==

The episcopal palace of Digne adjoins the hospital.

The episcopal palace was a huge and beautiful house, built of stone at the beginning of the last century by M. Henri Puget, Doctor of Theology of the Faculty of Paris, Abbe of Simore, who had been Bishop of Digne in 1712. This palace was a genuine seignorial residence. Everything about it had a grand air,--the apartments of the Bishop, the drawing-rooms, the chambers, the principal courtyard, which was very large, with walks encircling it under arcades in the old Florentine fashion, and gardens planted with magnificent trees. In the dining-room, a long and superb gallery which was situated on the ground-floor and opened on the gardens, M. Henri Puget had entertained in state, on July 29, 1714, My Lords Charles Brulart de Genlis, archbishop; Prince d'Embrun; Antoine de Mesgrigny, the capuchin, Bishop of Grasse; Philippe de Vendome, Grand Prior of France, Abbe of Saint Honore de Lerins; Francois de Berton de Crillon, bishop, Baron de Vence; Cesar de Sabran de Forcalquier, bishop, Seignor of Glandeve; and Jean Soanen, Priest of the Oratory, preacher in ordinary to the king, bishop, Seignor of Senez. The portraits of these seven reverend personages decorated this apartment; and this memorable date, the 29th of July, 1714, was there engraved in letters of gold on a table of white marble.

The hospital was a low and narrow building of a single story, with a small garden.

Three days after his arrival, the Bishop visited the hospital. The visit ended, he had the director requested to be so good as to come to his house.

"Monsieur the director of the hospital," said he to him, "how many sick people have you at the present moment?"

"Twenty-six, Monseigneur."

"That was the number which I counted," said the Bishop.

"The beds," pursued the director, "are very much crowded against each other."

"That is what I observed."

"The halls are nothing but rooms, and it is with difficulty that the air can be changed in them."

"So it seems to me."

"And then, when there is a ray of sun, the garden is very small for the convalescents."

"That was what I said to myself."

"In case of epidemics,--we have had the typhus fever this year; we had the sweating sickness two years ago, and a hundred patients at times,--we know not what to do."

"That is the thought which occurred to me."

"What would you have, Monseigneur?" said the director. "One must resign one's self."

This conversation took place in the gallery dining-room on the ground-floor.

The Bishop remained silent for a moment; then he turned abruptly to the director of the hospital.

"Monsieur," said he, "how many beds do you think this hall alone would hold?"

"Monseigneur's dining-room?" exclaimed the stupefied director.

The Bishop cast a glance round the apartment, and seemed to be taking measures and calculations with his eyes.

"It would hold full twenty beds," said he, as though speaking to himself. Then, raising his voice:--

"Hold, Monsieur the director of the hospital, I will tell you something. There is evidently a mistake here. There are thirty-six of you, in five or six small rooms. There are three of us here, and we have room for sixty. There is some mistake, I tell you; you have my house, and I have yours. Give me back my house; you are at home here."

On the following day the thirty-six patients were installed in the Bishop's palace, and the Bishop was settled in the hospital.

M. Myriel had no property, his family having been ruined by the Revolution. His sister was in receipt of a yearly income of five hundred francs, which sufficed for her personal wants at the vicarage. M. Myriel received from the State, in his quality of bishop, a salary of fifteen thousand francs. On the very day when he took up his abode in the hospital, M. Myriel settled on the disposition of this sum once for all, in the following manner. We transcribe here a note made by his own hand:--

NOTE ON THE REGULATION OF MY HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES.

For the little seminary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 livres
Society of the mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 "
For the Lazarists of Montdidier . . . . . . . . . . 100 "
Seminary for foreign missions in Paris . . . . . . 200 "
Congregation of the Holy Spirit . . . . . . . . . . 150 "
Religious establishments of the Holy Land . . . . . 100 "
Charitable maternity societies . . . . . . . . . . 300 "
Extra, for that of Arles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 "
Work for the amelioration of prisons . . . . . . . 400 "
Work for the relief and delivery of prisoners . . . 500 "
To liberate fathers of families incarcerated for debt 1,000 "
Addition to the salary of the poor teachers of the
diocese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 "
Public granary of the Hautes-Alpes . . . . . . . . 100 "
Congregation of the ladies of Digne, of Manosque, and of
Sisteron, for the gratuitous instruction of poor
girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 "
For the poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,000 "
My personal expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 "
------
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,000 "

M. Myriel made no change in this arrangement during the entire period that he occupied the see of Digne. As has been seen, he called it regulating his household expenses.

This arrangement was accepted with absolute submission by Mademoiselle Baptistine. This holy woman regarded Monseigneur of Digne as at one and the same time her brother and her bishop, her friend according to the flesh and her superior according to the Church. She simply loved and venerated him. When he spoke, she bowed; when he acted, she yielded her adherence. Their only servant, Madame Magloire, grumbled a little. It will be observed that Monsieur the Bishop had reserved for himself only one thousand livres, which, added to the pension of Mademoiselle Baptistine, made fifteen hundred francs a year. On these fifteen hundred francs these two old women and the old man subsisted.

And when a village curate came to Digne, the Bishop still found means to entertain him, thanks to the severe economy of Madame Magloire, and to the intelligent administration of Mademoiselle Baptistine.

One day, after he had been in Digne about three months, the Bishop said:--

"And still I am quite cramped with it all!"

"I should think so!" exclaimed Madame Magloire. "Monseigneur has not even claimed the allowance which the department owes him for the expense of his carriage in town, and for his journeys about the diocese. It was customary for bishops in former days."

"Hold!" cried the Bishop, "you are quite right, Madame Magloire."

And he made his demand.

Some time afterwards the General Council took this demand under consideration, and voted him an annual sum of three thousand francs, under this heading: Allowance to M. the Bishop for expenses of carriage, expenses of posting, and expenses of pastoral visits.

This provoked a great outcry among the local burgesses; and a senator of the Empire, a former member of the Council of the Five Hundred which favored the 18 Brumaire, and who was provided with a magnificent senatorial office in the vicinity of the town of Digne, wrote to M. Bigot de Preameneu, the minister of public worship, a very angry and confidential note on the subject, from which we extract these authentic lines:--

"Expenses of carriage? What can be done with it in a town of less than four thousand inhabitants? Expenses of journeys? What is the use of these trips, in the first place? Next, how can the posting be accomplished in these mountainous parts? There are no roads. No one travels otherwise than on horseback. Even the bridge between Durance and Chateau-Arnoux can barely support ox-teams. These priests are all thus, greedy and avaricious. This man played the good priest when he first came. Now he does like the rest; he must have a carriage and a posting-chaise, he must have luxuries, like the bishops of the olden days. Oh, all this priesthood! Things will not go well, M. le Comte, until the Emperor has freed us from these black-capped rascals. Down with the Pope! [Matters were getting embroiled with Rome.] For my part, I am for Caesar alone." Etc., etc.

On the other hand, this affair afforded great delight to Madame Magloire. "Good," said she to Mademoiselle Baptistine; "Monseigneur began with other people, but he has had to wind up with himself, after all. He has regulated all his charities. Now here are three thousand francs for us! At last!"

That same evening the Bishop wrote out and handed to his sister a memorandum conceived in the following terms:--

EXPENSES OF CARRIAGE AND CIRCUIT.

For furnishing meat soup to the patients in the hospital. 1,500 livres
For the maternity charitable society of Aix . . . . . . . 250 "
For the maternity charitable society of Draguignan . . . 250 "
For foundlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 "
For orphans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 "
-----
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 "

Such was M. Myriel's budget.

As for the chance episcopal perquisites, the fees for marriage bans, dispensations, private baptisms, sermons, benedictions, of churches or chapels, marriages, etc., the Bishop levied them on the wealthy with all the more asperity, since he bestowed them on the needy.

After a time, offerings of money flowed in. Those who had and those who lacked knocked at M. Myriel's door,--the latter in search of the alms which the former came to deposit. In less than a year the Bishop had become the treasurer of all benevolence and the cashier of all those in distress. Considerable sums of money passed through his hands, but nothing could induce him to make any change whatever in his mode of life, or add anything superfluous to his bare necessities.

Far from it. As there is always more wretchedness below than there is brotherhood above, all was given away, so to speak, before it was received. It was like water on dry soil; no matter how much money he received, he never had any. Then he stripped himself.

The usage being that bishops shall announce their baptismal names at the head of their charges and their pastoral letters, the poor people of the country-side had selected, with a sort of affectionate instinct, among the names and prenomens of their bishop, that which had a meaning for them; and they never called him anything except Monseigneur Bienvenu [Welcome]. We will follow their example, and will also call him thus when we have occasion to name him. Moreover, this appellation pleased him.

"I like that name," said he. "Bienvenu makes up for the Monseigneur."

We do not claim that the portrait herewith presented is probable; we confine ourselves to stating that it resembles the original.

==Translation notes==

==Textual notes==

@@ Line 345: / Line 345: @@
 On 9 November 1799, 18th Brumaire in the French Republican calendar, Napoleon took part in a coup against the Directory, the French Revolutionary government from November 1795 to November 1799, that led to the introduction of a new constitution under which he became first consul, invested with the powers he needed eventually to become emperor. A rump session of the Council of Five Hundred, the lower house of the bicameral legislature, the Legislative Corps, that formed part of Directory, signed the transfer of political power. F&eacute;lix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Pr&eacute;ameneu (1747–1825), a moderate during the Revolution (and saved from the guillotine by the fall of Robespierre), was a supporter of the Brumaire conspiracy, a member of the committee that prepared Napoleon’s Civil Code, and minister of public worship 1808–14. This ministry was created in 1804 to implement the 1801 Concordat with Rome, and had jurisdiction over all religious affairs in France.<ref name="donougher" />
 ===Charitable Maternity Societies===
-The Bishop gives 800 livres total to various maternal charity societites. These were state- and church- subsidized organizations, usually run by, and consisting largely of, middle and upper class women. Their goal was to encourage good motherhood among the women of the desperately poor, and in particular, to prevent them from abandoning their children to foundling homes or the streets. They provided material, financial, and "moral" support for poor women facing the prospect of giving up their children, and helped them interact with other concerned agencies. <ref name=adams>
+The Bishop gives 800 livres total to various maternal charity societites. These were state- and church- subsidized organizations, usually run by, and consisting largely of, middle and upper class women. Their goal was to encourage good motherhood among the women of the desperately poor, and in particular, to prevent them from abandoning their children to foundling homes or the streets. They provided material, financial, and "moral" support for poor women facing the prospect of giving up their children, and helped them interact with other concerned agencies. <ref>Christine Adams. Poverty, Charity, and Motherhood: Maternal Societies in Nineteenth-Century France. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010</ref>
 ==Citations==
 <references />

@@ Line 345: / Line 345: @@
 On 9 November 1799, 18th Brumaire in the French Republican calendar, Napoleon took part in a coup against the Directory, the French Revolutionary government from November 1795 to November 1799, that led to the introduction of a new constitution under which he became first consul, invested with the powers he needed eventually to become emperor. A rump session of the Council of Five Hundred, the lower house of the bicameral legislature, the Legislative Corps, that formed part of Directory, signed the transfer of political power. F&eacute;lix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Pr&eacute;ameneu (1747–1825), a moderate during the Revolution (and saved from the guillotine by the fall of Robespierre), was a supporter of the Brumaire conspiracy, a member of the committee that prepared Napoleon’s Civil Code, and minister of public worship 1808–14. This ministry was created in 1804 to implement the 1801 Concordat with Rome, and had jurisdiction over all religious affairs in France.<ref name="donougher" />
 ===Charitable Maternity Societies===
-The Bishop gives 800 livres total to various maternal charity societites. These were state- and church- subsidized organizations, usually run by, and consisting largely of, middle and upper class women. Their goal was to encourage good motherhood among the women of the desperately poor, and in particular, to prevent them from abandoning their children to foundling homes or the streets. They provided material, financial, and "moral" support for poor women facing the prospect of giving up their children, and helped them interact with other concerned agencies.
+The Bishop gives 800 livres total to various maternal charity societites. These were state- and church- subsidized organizations, usually run by, and consisting largely of, middle and upper class women. Their goal was to encourage good motherhood among the women of the desperately poor, and in particular, to prevent them from abandoning their children to foundling homes or the streets. They provided material, financial, and "moral" support for poor women facing the prospect of giving up their children, and helped them interact with other concerned agencies. <ref name=adams>
 ==Citations==
 <references />

@@ Line 344: / Line 344: @@
 ===Council of Five Hundred... 18th Brumaire... Bigot de Pr&eacute;ameneau===
 On 9 November 1799, 18th Brumaire in the French Republican calendar, Napoleon took part in a coup against the Directory, the French Revolutionary government from November 1795 to November 1799, that led to the introduction of a new constitution under which he became first consul, invested with the powers he needed eventually to become emperor. A rump session of the Council of Five Hundred, the lower house of the bicameral legislature, the Legislative Corps, that formed part of Directory, signed the transfer of political power. F&eacute;lix-Julien-Jean Bigot de Pr&eacute;ameneu (1747–1825), a moderate during the Revolution (and saved from the guillotine by the fall of Robespierre), was a supporter of the Brumaire conspiracy, a member of the committee that prepared Napoleon’s Civil Code, and minister of public worship 1808–14. This ministry was created in 1804 to implement the 1801 Concordat with Rome, and had jurisdiction over all religious affairs in France.<ref name="donougher" />
 ==Citations==
 <references />

@@ Line 337: / Line 337: @@
 ==Translation notes==
-===the allowance which the department owes him===
+==="the allowance which the department owes him"===
 The division of post-Revolutionary France into newly created administrative areas called ''d&eacute;partements'' came into effect in 1790.<ref name="donougher">Hugo, Victor. The Wretched: A new translation of Les Misérables. Trans. Christine Donougher. London: Penguin Classics, 2013.</ref>

@@ Line 336: / Line 336: @@
 ==Translation notes==
 ==Textual notes==
 ==Citations==
 <references />

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:09, 2 March 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book 1: A Just Man, Chapter 2: M. Myriel Becomes M. Welcome<br />	+	Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book First: A Just Man, Chapter 2: M. Myriel Becomes M. Welcome<br />
	(Tome 1: Fantine, Livre premier: Un Juste, Chapitre 2: Monsieur Myriel devient monseigneur Bienvenu)		(Tome 1: Fantine, Livre premier: Un Juste, Chapitre 2: Monsieur Myriel devient monseigneur Bienvenu)

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:20, 1 March 2014
Line 338:		Line 338:

	==Textual notes==		==Textual notes==
		+
		+	==Citations==
		+	<references />

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:14, 1 March 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book 1: A Just Man, Chapter 2: M. Myriel Becomes M. Welcome	+	Les Misérables, Volume 1: Fantine, Book 1: A Just Man, Chapter 2: M. Myriel Becomes M. Welcome<br />
		+	(Tome 1: Fantine, Livre premier: Un Juste, Chapitre 2: Monsieur Myriel devient monseigneur Bienvenu)

	==General notes on this chapter==		==General notes on this chapter==

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:52, 18 November 2013
Line 166:		Line 166:


−	''Frais de carrosse et de tournées.''<br> <br> ''Pour donner du bouillon de viande aux malades de l'hôpital: quinze cents livres''<br> ''Pour la société de charité maternelle d'Aix: deux cent cinquante livres''<br> ''Pour la société de charité maternelle de Draguignan: deux cent cinquante~~<br>~~	+	''Frais de carrosse et de tournées.''<br> <br> ''Pour donner du bouillon de viande aux malades de l'hôpital: quinze cents livres''<br> ''Pour la société de charité maternelle d'Aix: deux cent cinquante livres''<br> ''Pour la société de charité maternelle de Draguignan: deux cent cinquante livres''<br> ''Pour les enfants trouvés: cinq cents livres''<br> ''Pour les orphelins: cinq cents livres''<br> <br>
−	livres''<br> ''Pour les enfants trouvés: cinq cents livres''<br> ''Pour les orphelins: cinq cents livres''<br> <br>
	Total: ''trois mille livres''<br>		Total: ''trois mille livres''<br>